Folding of the Embryo Formation of Gut Endodermal Derivatives

By: Dr. Mujahid Khan

Folding Of Embryo
Flat

trilaminar disc folds into a somewhat cylindrical embryo Folding occurs in both median & horizontal planes Results from rapid growth of the embryo Long axis increases rapidly than the sides Occurs simultaneously on both axis Constriction at the junction of embryo & yolk sac

Folding in Median Plane

Occurs

in the cranial and caudal ends

Causing Moving

head and tail folds

ventrally as the embryo elongates cranially and caudally

Head Fold

At the beginning of the 4th week

Neural folds in the cranial region thickened to form primordium of the brain Initially the developing brain projects dorsally into the amniotic cavity
Later grows cranially beyond the oropharyngeal membrane Overhangs the developing heart

Head Fold

Septum transversum, primordial heart, pericardial coelom & oropharyngeal membrane move onto the ventral surface Endoderm of the yolk sac is incorporated into the embryo as a foregut The foregut lies between the brain & heart Oropharyngeal membrane separates the foregut from the stomodeum

Head Fold
Septum

transversum lies caudal to heart after the folding and develops into central tendon of diaphragm fold also affects the arrangement of the primordium of body cavity which consists of a flattened horseshoe shaped cavity before folding

Head

Tail Fold
Results

primarily from growth of the distal part of the neural tube is primordium of the spinal cord

This As

embryo grows, the caudal eminence projects over the cloacal membrane folding, part of endoderm is incorporated into the embryo as a hindgut

During

Tail Fold
Terminal

part of the hindgut soon dilates to form the cloaca is the primordium of urinary bladder and rectum folding primitive streak lies cranial to the cloacal membrane folding it lies caudal to it

Cloaca

Before

After

After Tail Fold

The

connecting stalk (primordium of umbilical cord) is attached to the ventral surface of the embryo
(a diverticulum of yolk sac) is partially incorporated into the embryo

Allantois

Folding in Horizontal Plane

Folding

on sides of the embryo produces right and left lateral folds produced by rapidly growing spinal cord and somites rolling of the edges of embryonic disc form roughly cylindrical embryo

Is

Ventrolateral

Folding in Horizontal Plane

As

the abdominal walls form, part of endoderm is incorporated into the embryo as the midgut
there is a wide connection between midgut & yolk sac folding the connection is reduced to yolk stalk

Initially

After

Folding in Horizontal Plane

Umbilical cord forms from the connecting stalk As it forms, ventral fusion of the lateral folds reduces the region of communication between intraembryonic and extraembryonic coelomic cavities to a narrow communication Amniotic cavity expands and obliterates extraembryonic coelom

Derivatives of Endoderm
Endoderm gives rise to the epithelial lining of:
Trachea Bronchi lungs

Derivatives of Endoderm
Endoderm gives rise to the epithelial lining of:

Gastrointestinal tract

Liver
Pancreas Urinary bladder

urachus

Derivatives of Endoderm
Endoderm gives rise to the epithelial lining of:

Pharynx Thyroid Tympanic cavity

Pharyngotympanic tube
Tonsils

Parathyroid glands

Formation of Gut
Primordial

gut at the beginning of the 4th week is closed at its: end by oropharyngeal membrane end by the cloacal membrane

Cranial
Caudal

Formation of Gut
Primordial

gut forms during the 4th week as the head, tail and lateral fold incorporate the dorsal part of the yolk sac into the embryo
endoderm of the primordial gut gives rise to most of the epithelium and glands of the digestive tract

The

Formation of Gut
The

epithelium at the cranial and caudal ends of the tract is derived from ectoderm of the stomodeum (mouth) proctodeum (anal pit) muscular, connective tissue, and other layers of the wall of the digestive tract are derived from the splanchnic mesenchyme surrounding the primordial gut

The

Formation of Gut
For descriptive purposes the primordial gut is divided into 3 parts:
Foregut Midgut Hindgut