PRESENTED BY:

Nurul Fazrina Binti Muzani (2012671752) Nik Rizlina Binti Sapian (2012404042) Sharon Linang (2012467338)

Introduction Interviews Checklists Observations Question & Answer

Data refers to the kinds of information researchers obtain on the subjects of their research. Instrumentation refers to the entire process of collecting data in a research investigation. Validity the extent to which results from it permits researchers to draw warranted conclusions about the characteristics of the individuals studied. Reliability one that gives consistent results.

Objectivity and Usability whenever possible, researchers try to eliminate subjectivity from the judgements they make about the achievement, performance, or characteristics of subjects. A vital consideration is choosing or designing an instrument is, its ease of use.

Dr. S. M. Amunuzzaman said that, interview is a very systematic method by which a person enters deeply into the life of even a stranger and can bring out needed information and data for the research purpose.
Thill and Bovee claimed that, an interview is any planned conversation with a specific purpose involving two or more people.

Fetterman Interviewing as the most important data collection technique a qualitative process. Kvale (1996), remarks as an inter-view, an interchange of views between two or more people on a topic of mutual interest, sees the centrality of human interaction for knowledge production, and emphasizes the social situations of research data.

Structured Semi structured Informal Retrospective

Verbal questionnaires Formal Verbal questionnaires Formal Gains views, thoughts Less formal Applicable in various forms Informal

 C: Q not planned, in accordance S: Individuality W: Different responses, not easy to analyze data

Informal
Conversati onal Interview Standardiz e Openended Interview

C: Outline (Topics & Issues), Q in sequence S: Systematic data collection W: Different responses, not easy to analyze data Interview Guide Approach Closed, Fixed response Interview C: Prepared In advance S: Data become simpler, clearer W: Limited choice of response

C: Q are sequential, planned, sample asked the same Q S: Data easy to analyze W: Limits the naturalness, relevance

Key informant Individuals who know their culture & history are able to articulate better Key actor Individuals who are knowledgeable, informative

Background
Demographic questions Related to respondents Ex: education level, age, income

Knowledge
Feature question related to the facts that the respondents know Ex: information and requirements of schools

Experience
Discover the experience, behavior or activities that couldnt be observed Ex: researcher wasnt there, past event

Opinion
Value questions Concern on respondents views, opinions and thought Ex: what do you think of him?

Feeling
How the respondents fed on certain things Ex: How do you feel about the weather?

Sensory
Rely on the five senses See, hear, taste, smell, touch Ex: What do you hear just now?

Natural

Respect

What to expect

Good rapport

Etc

Explain purpose, context , rules

Opening

Closing

Brief participants

Answer main research questions

Middle

To preserve the rights for both I & P To sign an informed consent form To avoid misunderstanding

Ethics

A structured and objective method of collecting data, a tally sheet on which the researcher records attributes of the participants and whether particular behaviours were observed (Sridhar M.S., 2008). Structured observation tools used when specific, predictable results are expected (McClure, 2002).

Remain focus on key points

2 Guided by critical path objectives 3 Track development progress

4 5 6 7 Awareness of process Awareness of expectations Avoid subjective judgements Remain focus on desired outcomes

Performance

Selfchecklist List of several characteristics presented Individuals place a mark opposite the characteristics Often used when researchers use diagnosis or appraise

Frequently used measure instruments

Consists a list of behaviors To determine individual behavioral A check mark is placed no subjective judgments

Static Item a means of collecting data or characteristics that do not change while observations are made. Action Item used to record whether specific behaviours are present or absent during the observation time period.

Explain Intentions Clearly Overcome Fear in Public

Improve Clarity in Instructions

Conduct Regular Formative Evaluation

Sort Out Causes of Resistance

Observation is the technique of obtaining data through direct contact with a persons or group of persons P.Kelly(2006) We all need to observe human behavior in our personal and professional lives, we are all familiar with the need to come to conclusions based on our observation, to generate explanations and understandings and even to come up with predictions.

Observational techniques are methods by which an individual or individuals gather firsthand data on programs, processes, or behaviors being studied. They provide evaluators with an opportunity to collect data on a wide range of behaviors to capture a great variety of interactions and to openly explore the evaluation topic(User-Friendly Handbook For Project Evaluation)

Firsthand information
Involves two or more people Evaluate people behaviors Based on people behaviors make a perception toward a certain research or study.

Role of observers may be viewed as a continuum.

The observer can be passive, participant and in between can be an active observer. (Potter, 1996) Passive observer

Active observer

Participa nt observer

Passive observer The best way to be not involved and keep

you distance from your subjects is to be a passive observer. As a passive observer, you simply gather documents and observe the individual or individuals without doing anything to disturb the situation. The researcher is unobtrusive and watches the group from the outside; i.e. the ethic or outsiders perspective. To do so, the researcher must gain access and be accepted by the individual or individuals

Passive observer
Passive Observer

Participant observer researcher participates in the activities of the persons being observed rather than being an observer. The researcher has two roles as observer and as participant. The researcher participates as much as possible in the daily life of the subjects while also carefully observing

Active observer Between being a passive observer and an active participant, the researcher could take a middle position of being an active observer. Here, participation is allowed but limited.

PARTICIPANT

OVERT COVERT

NONPARTICIPANT

PARTICIPANT AS OBSERVER OBSERVER AS PARTICIPANT

Onlooker
Full participant observation Partial participant

Participants know that observations are being made, who is making them.

HOW

Not all knows the observer

Participants do now know that observations are being made, someone observing them.

Fully explained

Explained to some of them

No explanation given

False explanation given

SINGLE -LIMITED

MULTIPLE -LONG -MONTHS

30 MINS

NARROW SINGLE ELEMENT

BROAD

HOLISTIC VIEW

OBSERVING INDIVIDUALS IN NATURAL SETTING SIMPLY OBSERVES AND RECORDS NO EFFORT IS REQUIRED TO CONTROL ACTIVITIES

INDIVIDUAL ROLE PLAYING

Example?

TEAM ROLE PLAYING

Example?

Outcome of the study which reflects on the observer records. Setback problem of time constraints Setback interpersonal relationship with the subject. Apart from that, behavioral interference

Possibility of characteristics and ideas to be biased. Causes of bias Prejudice Stereotyping Time length

1.To record perfectly 2.Can be reviewed

3.Can be shared by experts

4.Permanent records

1.Need some training for good quality video 2.Expensive 3.Audio verbal behavior 4.Noise

McClure, Robin D (2002). Common data collection strategies effective in qualitative studies using action research. New York:John Wiley & Sons Sridhar, M.S (2010). A Guide to Sampling, Scaling and Data Collection Methods. Prentice Hall Shortclip of a structured observation of family at Maudsley Hospital pyschology GCE research method unit Human resource project youtube, Chad Duxe

THANK YOU