Gender Discrimination

(womb to tomb)

Birth
According to the decennial Indian census, the sex ratio in the 0-6 age group in India went from 104.0 males per 100 females in 1981, to 105.8 in 1991, to 107.8 in 2001, to 109.4 in 2011 Census figures show that in the year 2011, for every 1000 boys there were only 914 girls. If this continuous in the next 10 years, there will be 2 crore men who will be unable to find spouses. The end result is a marriage bazaar where women will be bartered and traded, and crimes against women will only grow and become more heinous. Daughters are always seen as burden because of dowry to be paid them and because any investment in them - for their nutrition, education, health, general well-being - will not help the natal familys future security.

Female feticide

Feticide (or foeticide) is an act that causes the death of a fetus by destruction or abortion This process began in the early 1990s when ultrasound techniques gained widespread use in India. There was a tendency for families to continuously produce children until a male child was born. The Government initially supported the practice in order to control population growth till 1994. In 1994 The Preconception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques (PCPNDT) Act was passed making sex-selective abortion illegal. However it has been poorly enforced by authorities. It estimated that more than ten million female foetuses have been illegally aborted in India. According to the Consortium on National Consensus for Medical Abortion in India, every year an average of around 20,000 women die every year due to abortion related complications. Presently many Doctors/nurses are illegally doing abortions for money. Found even in middle-class family due to economic problems.

Infanticide
Infanticide (or infant homicide) is the intentional killing of infants. Neonaticide is killing within 24 hours of a child's birth, is most commonly done by the mother whereas infanticide of a child more than one day old is slightly more likely to be committed by the father. Mostly in the states of Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Haryana and Bihar in India. Doodh-peeti Kuri-mar

 To put these factors into perspective, 1.5 million of the 12 million girls born in India each year do not survive to their first birthday and only 9 million will survive to their 15th birthday.

Education
Literacy for females stands at 65.46%, compared to 82.14% for males. An underlying factor for such low literacy rates are parent's perceptions that education for girls are a waste of resources as their daughters would eventually live with their husband's families and they will not benefit directly from the education investment.

 The following key causes have been identified globally, as responsible for gender disparities in education: 2 strong cultural preference for sons domestic work burden shouldered by girls early marriage insufficient number of seats in schools intolerance, discrimination and violence within schools high rates of educated unemployed

Male vs Female literacy

Marrige

Dowry

dowry is the payment in cash or some kind of gifts given to bridegroom's family along with the bride. The dowry has been considered as 'Stridhan' That dowry is given as compensation to the groom's parents for the amount they have spent in educating and upbringing their son. It is said that a dowry is meant to help the newly-weds to set up their own home. According to one survey conducted by India Today magazine , over 90% of government servants actively seek and get dowry in marriage. These rates are sky-high, with an estimate of dowry rates for a bachelor IAS Officer (Indian Administrative Services) being as high as Rs 50 Lac to Rs 5 Crore (up to USD 1 Million). Bride burning inducing suicides, physical and mental torture by their husband or in-laws is found to be done if the bride fails to bring sufficient dowry .

 8,391 dowry deaths were reported in India in 2010. Now a days women are mis-using the laws of dowry.

Child marriage
UNICEF defines child marriage as a formal marriage or union before 18 years of age. According to Indian government rules, the minimum age to get married for a boy is 21 and for a girl is 18.

 According to NFHS-III survey 47.3% of women aged 20-24 were married by age 18. Of these, 2.6 percent were married before they turned 13, 22.6 percent were married before they were 16, and 44.5 percent were married when they were between 16 and 17. In some states the percentage is quite high: Rajasthan 65.2%, Uttar Pradesh 58.6%, Madhya Pradesh 57.3%, Jharkhand 63.2%, Chhattisgarh 55%, Bihar 69% and Andra Pradesh 54.8%.The states where prevalence is low are Himachal Pradesh 12.3%, Punjab 19.7%, and Kerala 15.4%.

Why parents choose child marriage

Parents of a child entering into a child marriage are often poor and use the marriage as a way to make her future better, especially in areas with little economic opportunities. Traditional gender norms Womans primary role is to produce sons (need an heir) Some families use child marriage to build alliances. parents want to ensure their daughters do not have pre-marital sex, and child marriage is an easy way to fix this.

Effects
marriage has a strong physical, intellectual, psychological and emotional impact, cutting off educational opportunities and chances of personal growth. Girls age 15-19 are more likely (66.6%) to experience delivery complications compared to 30-34 year-old women and neonatal, infant and child mortality rates are much higher for younger girls are 5 times more likely to die in childbirth. Protection Freedom 90.8% of young married women reported no use of a contraceptive prior to having their first child. 23.9% reported having a child within the first year of marriage. 17.3% reported having three or more children over the course of the marriage. 23% reported a rapid repeat childbirth, and 15.2% reported an unwanted pregnancy. 15.3% reported a pregnancy termination (stillbirths, miscarriages or abortions)

Discrimination toward man

In most child custody and divorce cases the children are given to the wife. Man are considered the culprit by default even if it was the woman that committed sexual abuse against men. The law IPC498A demands that the husband's family be considered criminal by default unless proven clean.

Workplace
An independent study has claimed that nearly 88 per cent of the female workforce in Indian Information Technology, Business Process Outsourcing and Knowledge Process Outsourcing (BPO/KPO) companies reported having suffered some form of workplace sexual harassment during the course of their work.

Sexual Harassment
Of sexual nature Verbal/Written Physical Non Verbal Visual Of non sexual nature

Bhanwari Devi, a woman from Bhateri,Rajasthan , gang raped 1992 and subsequent court case attracted widespread media attention nationality and internationally. This prompted several women's groups to file a Public Interest Litigation(PIL) in the Supreme Court of India, under the collective platform of Vishaka. The petition filed by Vishaka and four other women's organizations in Rajasthan against the State of Rajasthan and the Union of India. This resulted Supreme Court of India ,the first time defined sexual harassment at workplace, preventive measures and redress mechanism. The judgement is popularly known as "Vishaka Judgement"