CENTRAL

EUROPE
Histo
ry
Modern Europe
Slovakia
 Slovakia
•Great Moravia 9th-10th c.
–Ancestors of Moravians and Slovaks.
–Extended in to Hungary, Poland, Austria, Germany
–Possibly the birthplace of Glagolithic script
•Kingdom of Hungary 11th c. to 1918
–Mongol invasion 1241
–1465 First university of Hungarian Kingdom in Bratislava.
•Royal Hungary and Ottoman invasion.
–Bratislava becomes capitol 1536-1848
•Crossfire
–Insurrections against Habsburgs, Ottoman wars. 16th c.
Austrian Empire
1804-1867
 Slovakia
•1848-1849
–Nationalist revolutions in AE and Germany
–Slovak ambition for independance.
–Seceded from Hungary after WWI. 69,000 killed.
•1918 Czechoslovakia. •1938-45 WWII
–Vienna Award
–New occupations by Hungary and Germany.
•Slovak republic 1939-1945
–Puppet regime of Germany.
•Slovak National Uprising 1944
–Guerilla war and occupation
 Slovakia
•1947 Expulsion of ca. 100,000 Germans and Hungarians.
•1948 Warsaw Pact and Communist rule.
•1969 Federation of Czech Socialist republic and Slovak Socialist republic
•1989 Velvet revolution and end of Communist rule.
–First democratic elections June 1990
•July 1992 Slovakia as a sovereign state. "Velvet divorce”
•NATO and EU member in 2004
•Jan. 1 2009, Eurozone
Czech Republic
 Czech Republic
•1212 Otakar I officially king.
–Large German immigration.
•1241 Mongol invasion
•14th c. "Golden Age" under Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor
–Praha capitol of empire from 1355
–1348 Founding of Charles University
Holy Roman Empire ca.
1600
 Czech Republic
•1380 Black Death
•15th c. Hussite Wars.
•Growing Habsburg control 16th c. forward.
•Part of Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary 1804-1918
•Absolute monarchy under Franz Joseph after 1848 revolutions
•WWI 1914-1918
•Czechoslovakia post Great War 1918
–Independence
–Tomas Masaryk
–Significant minorities, German, Hungarian, Polish...
–Discontent taken advantage of by Hitler.
•Eve of WWII
•1938 Munich agreement gives Sudetenland to Germany
–Poland and Slovakia annexed other areas.
–Remainder called "Second Republic”
–Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Mar. 1939
–390,000 killed.
–Czech government-in-exile.
–Prague uprising.
•Post war
–1945-46 Expulsion of Germans. 2.7m
–"Bridge to the West”
–Discontent with the West over Munich Agreement
•1948 Takeover/Revolution•Communist rule
Poland
 Poland

•Kingdom of Poland 1025-1385

•Piast dynasty.
–First rulers of early Poland
–Fragmented 1138
–Reunified early 14th c.
•Jagiellon Dynasty 14th-16th c.
–Avoided Black Death
–Copernicus
–Tolerence of religion
-Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 16th-17th c. (Golden age)
–One of the largest countries in Europe.
–Political system. Democratic/Constitutional monarchy
 Poland
•Decline.
–Involvement with Battle of Vienna 1683
–Ended in 1795. Split between Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia and Habsburg
Monarchy.
•1795-1918. Partitions. Russian, Prussian manipulation of dissent.
–Nepoleonic wars, Russia, Austria etc.
•Reconstruction 1918
–Second Polish Republic
–Polish-Soviet War 1919-1921
–Borders expanded.
•WWII
–1939 German invasion and split.
–Two zones, Germany and Soviet Union.
–Largest percentage loss of WWII countries. 6m dead, half Polish Jews.
–4th largest troop contribution

•Postwar
–Borders shifted west.
Romania
 Romania
•"Peştera cu Oase." Oldest remains of Homo Sapians in Europe. 35-45,000 years old.
•Bulgarian empire 9th-11th c.
•Three separate principalities.
•Wallachia, Moldavia, Transylvania.
–Wallachia bordered Ottomans.
––Vlad the Impaler
–Transylvania
––Principality under Ottomans 1571
––Habsburg Monarchy 1688
––Austrian empire 1699
––Kingdom of Hungary in AHE 1867
–Moldavia
 Romania
•Unified Romania
–1848 revolutions
–1878 Treaty of Berlin
•WWI
–Neutrality in 1914
–Joined Allies 1916. Declared war on Austria-Hungary.
•1918-1940 Greater Romania
•WWII
•Axis power.
•Role in Holocaust
Hungary
 Hungary
• Kingdom of Hungary: (1000 - 1918)
–Magyar tribes united into organized kingdom.
•Beginnings of Christianity in Hungary.
–Westernization (Prince Géza)
–Stephen I (1000-1038) Crowned
•Patrimonial Kingdom 1000-1222
•1241-42 Mongol invasion
•1479. Defeat of Ottomans and Wallachians by Matthias Corvinus
•Decline 1490-1526–Feudal lands.
–King Dobzse
•16th c. Ottoman control of Hungary & Austria
–"Royal Hungary." Habsburgs
–Principality of Transylvania
–Pashalik of Buda
•1686 Austrian reconquest of Buda.
•1718 Habsburgs regain control
–Hungarians a minority at this point
•1848 Revolution
•1867 Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary
–Great economic growth.
Austro-Hungary
 Hungary
•WWI 1914-1918
–Collapse of Austro-Hungarian monarchy
–Loss of land.–Communist party of Hungary
–Treaty of Trianon 1920•WWII
–Vienna Awards–Axis power.
–Devastation•Communist era 1947-1989
–Harsh dictatorship
–1956 revolution and withdrawal from Wasaw Pact.
–Soviet retaliation•"Goulash" communism
•Protests 1987-88–1989 Tear in the Iron Curtain
–1990 free elections
–Free-market
–Recession
•1999 NATO
•2004 EU
CULTURE
RELIGION/POL
ITICS
LANGUA
GES
 Poli
•Alphabet: Latin
sh
•Vitality: High
•Total speakers: 52.7 million
•Origins/Influences:
•Anything Unique to the language
•Fun Facts: Largest amount of speakers
of the West
Slavic Languages