1

COURSE OUTLINE
10. Fundamental of inductors and capacitors
1. Definitions of Basic Electrical quantities; systems of units; circuit
components.
2. Ohms laws and Kirchhoffs laws
3. Analysis of series, parallel, series-parallel circuits
4. Resistance bridge circuits
5. Biasing circuits using resistive elements; design problems
6. Voltage divider circuits; design problems
7. Analysis of resistive circuits with controlled sources
8. Circuit analysis techniques and network theorems
9. Practical sources
2
15. Complete response of second order dynamic circuits with DC
excitation
11. Forced response of RL and RC circuits with DC excitation
12. Natural response of RL and RC circuits with non- zero initial conditions
13. Complete response of RL and RC circuits
14. Analysis of second order dynamic circuits
COURSE OUTLINE
3
REFERENCES
5. Electric Circuits
Nilsson and Riedel
Pearson Prentice Hall, 7
th
Edition,
2005
1. Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
C.K. alexander & M.N.O. Sadiku
McGraw Hill, 2
nd
Edition, 2007
2. Introduction to Electric Circuits
Dorf and Svoboda,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 6
th

Edition 2006
3. Principles of Electric Circuits
Thomas L. Floyd
Prentice Hall, 7
th
Edition 2006
4. Engineering Circuit analysis
W. Hayt, Jr, et al
McGraw Hill, 7
th
Edition 2007
4
t

0

2

time
v(t)

Vs

4

DC Voltage
AC Voltage
time
v(t)

Vp

5
Units and Prefixes
Variable Symbols Unit Unit
abbreviation
Time t Second S
Charge Q Coulomb C
Current I Ampere A
Voltage V (or E) Volt V
Energy W Joule J
Power P Watt W
Resistance R Ohm
Conductance C siemens S
6
Value Prefixes Abbreviation
10
-12
Pico p
10
-9
Nano n
10
-6
Micro
10
-3
Milli m
10
3
Kilo k
10
6
Mega M
10
9
Giga G
10
12
tera T
Prefixes in SI units
7
Charge
is a quantity of electricity. Negatively charge electrons constitute
the movement of charge within conductors, and the charge
associated with one electron is Q = 1.6 x 10
-19
C.
Current
is the rate of flow of electrical charge
a current flow of one ampere represents the movement of charge
past a given point equal to 1 coulomb per second (C/s)
Volt
I = ampere =
is a unit of potential difference, which is equal to one joule of work
done per one coulomb of charge.
volt =
V =
8
v(t)
-
+
Vs(t)
v(t) expressed in
terms of other
network voltages
or currents
+
-
Vs(t)
v(t) a given
function of
time
Independent Voltage
Source
Voltage Source
Voltage/current
Dependent
Voltage Sources:
9
i(t)
i(t)
Independent Current
Source
Current Source
Voltage/current
Dependent
i(t) expressed in
terms of other
network voltages
or currents
i(t) a given
function of
time
Current Sources:
10
Resistance, R
is defined as the opposition to current flow exhibited by any
device in which the resulting power is dissipated.
i(t)
R v(t)
+
-
Resistance
) ( ) ( t Ri t v =
Conductance, G
It is the reciprocal of the resistance. Expressed in
mho/Siemens (S).
11
Short Circuits
A short circuit is a direct connection between two points.
Open Circuits
An open circuit represents the complete lack of a connection, it
can be described by the statement that the current flowing
between the two points is zero.
Short
Circuits
open
Circuits
12
Resistance of Wires
R L A V
-m m m
2
m
3
-cm cm cm
2
cm
3
-CM/ft ft CM
Circular mil (CM) area of a circle having a diameter of 1 mil. (1 mil = 0.001 inch)
13
Effects of Temperature in Resistance
Note: Resistance of wires generally used in practice in electrical system increases
as temperature increases.

R
2
R
1
t
2
t
1
T

time, t

Resistance, R

14
A Simple DC Circuits
+
-
R
+
-
R
closed circuits
open circuits
SW
OHMS LAW AND THE ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
E
E
I
An electric current requires a source of
electromagnetic force or emf (a charge
pump) - e.g. battery or power supply.
DC CIRCUITS
A battery or power supply has
an internal resistance, r,
making the measured terminal
voltage Vab when current is
flowing less than the emf, E.
16
Ohms law
state that the current is directly proportional to the voltage across
the resistance and inversely proportional to the resistance.
I = R= E = RI
Current = Resistance =
voltage = resitance x current
Where: R = resistance of resistor (ohm)
I = current drawn (ampere)
E = voltage across the resistor (volt)
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Power & Energy
Power Delivered
when the current is leaving the positive terminal of
a device, that device is delivering power
Electrical
device
I
E
+
-
Power Absorbed
when the current is entering the positive terminal
of a device, that device is absorbing power
Electrical
device
E
+
-
I
Energy
is the actual work performed or the capacity
to perform work.
Power
is the rate of consuming energy
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Power Relationship
P = P = I
2
R
P = VI
Where: P = power drawn (watts)
I = current drawn (ampere)
E = voltage across the resistor (volt)
R = resistance of resistor (ohm)
W = energy (joules)
t = time 9seconds)
W = Pt
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Formula Chart:
20
BASIC CIRCUIT LAWS
1) Kirchoffs Current Law [KCL]:
NODE
i
1

i
4

i
3

i
2

i
1
- i
2
- i
3
+ i
4
= 0

0 =

k
k
i
i
1

i
2
= - i
1
The algebraic sum of the currents at any node is zero. A node is a
junction point between two or more branches.
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2) Kirchhoffs Voltage Law [KVL]:
0 =

k
k
v
The algebraic sum of the voltages around any closed loop is zero.
a
v
2

+
v
1

-
+
+
+ +
-
-
-
-
c d
e
g
common
b
v
C

v
L

v
R

i
R

i
C

i
L

0
2 1
= + v v v v
L R
0
1
= +
C R
v v v
0
2
= + +
C L
v v v
abcdega:
abcga:
edcge:
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SERIES CIRCUIT
E
1
= I R
1
E
2
= I R
2
E
3
= I R
3
R
1

b
+ -

b
a
a
R
2

R
N

R
+ + + - - -
i
1
i
2
i
N
i

Equivalent Resistances
Resistors in series divide
the total voltage in
proportion to their
magnitudes.
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BASIC RULES:
Total Current, I
T
Current - The current (A) is the same at any point in the circuit
I I I I
N
= = = =
2 1
Total Resistance, R
T
Total resistance - The total resistance (R
T
) is the sum of the
individual resistors
T N
R R R R = + + +
2 1
Total Voltage, E
T
The applied voltage (E
T
) is equal to the sum of the voltage drops
across all the resistors
T N
E E E E = + + +
2 1
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T N
P P P P = + +
2 1
Total Power, P
T
BASIC RULES:
The total power (P
T
) is equal to the sum of the power absorbed
across each resistors
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Voltage Divider Rule
R
1

i
+
R
2

+ +
-
+
-
-
-
E
T

E
2

Applying basic circuit laws :
1
2 1
2
2
E
R R
R
E
+
=
E
1

+
-
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PARALLEL CIRCUIT
R
T
E

I
T
(

+ + =
=
(

+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2
1 1 1 1
1 1 1


R R R R
R
E
R R R
E
R
E
R
E
R
E
I I I I
eq
eq
i
Resistors in parallel divide the
total current in inverse
proportion to their magnitudes.
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BASIC RULES:
Total Current, I
T
Current - The total current (A) is equal to the sum of the current
passing through each resistor
Total Resistance, R
T
Total resistance - The total resistance (R
T
) of the circuit is the
reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the
individual branches.
N
I I I I + + + =
2 1
n
T R R R R
1 1 1 1
2 1
+ + + =
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Total Voltage, E
T
The voltage drop across any branch of a parallel circuit is the
same as the applied voltage (E
T
)
N T
E E E E = = = = ....
2 1
N T
P P P P + + = ....
2 1
Total Power, P
T
The total power (P
T
) is equal to the sum of the power absorbed
across each resistors
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Current Divider Rule
Analysis using basic circuit
laws :
i
R R
R
i
2 1
2
1
+
=
R
1

i
+
R
2

+
+
-
-
-
E
i
1
i
2
i
R R
R
i
2 1
1
2
+
=
Note : The larger current goes through the smaller resistor
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Series/Parallel Circuits
This circuit is composed of
two resistance segments:
R
1
alone
R
2
and R
3
in parallel
Resistors R
2
and R
3
can be
combined to form a single
equivalent resistance, R
2,3
:
This leave a simple series
circuit
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This circuit is composed of
two resistance segments:
R
1
and R
2
in series
R
3
in parallel
Resistors R
1
and R
2
can be
combined to form a single
equivalent resistance,
R
1,2
:
This leaves a simple
parallel circuit.

Parallel/Series Circuits
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1. Find the current in a conductor through which 2.5 x 10
20
free electrons pass is
8 sec.
2. Determine the total charge entering a terminal between 1 sec and 2 sec if the
current passing the terminal is given by the equation i = 3t
2
t, amperes.
3. A 500 ft. solid copper conductor has a diameter of 0.128 inch. What is its
resistance?
4. A piece of wire of uniform cross section has resistance of 0.8 . If the length of
the wire is doubled and its area of cross section is increased four times, what is
its resistance? The temperature variation of resistance may be neglected.
5. A length of wire has a diameter of 11.7 mm and a resistance of 31 m. This
wire is passed through a series of drawing process reducing its diameter to 5
mm. Determine its resistance after.
6. A given wire has a resistance of 4 . Find the resistance of another wire,
having the same material as the first but having diameter twice as much?
EXAMPLE A
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EXAMPLE B
1. A 1.5 KW electric heater is connected to a 120-V source. (a) How much
current does the heater draws? (b) If the heater is on for 45 minutes, how
much energy is consumed in kilowatt-hours (kWh)? (c) Calculate the cost of
operating the heater for 45 minutes if energy costs 10 cents/kWh.
2. When connected to 110-V lines, a stove element takes 8 A. Calculate how
much power the element is consuming?
3. A 1.2 kW toaster takes roughly 4 minutes to heat four slices of bread. Find the
cost of operating the toaster once per day for 1 month (30 days). Assume
energy costs 9 cents/kWh.
4. A flashlight battery has a rating of 0.8 ampere-hours (Ah) and a lifetime of 10
hours. (a) How much current can it deliver? (b)How much power can it give of
its terminal voltage is 6 V? (c) How much energy is stored in the battery in
kWh?
5. A 30-W incandescent lamp is connected to a 120-V source and is left burning
continuously in an otherwise dark staircase. Determine: (a) the current through
the lamp, (b) the cost of operating the light for one non-leap year if electricity
costs 12 cents per kWh.
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1. A coil has a resistance of 20 ohms at 25C. Find its resistance at
65C. Resistance temperature coefficient at 25C is 0.00385 per C.
2. The current in an electric lamp is 5 amperes. What quantity of
electricity flows towards the filament in 6 minutes?
3. One kilometer of copper wire, 1 square centimeter in cross section
has a resistance of 0.043 . Find the resistance of a wire 42.6 m long
and 0.005 cm
2
in cross section.
4. A length of wire has a resistance of 6 . What is the resistance of a
wire of the same material three times as long as twice the cross
sectional area?
5. The resistance of 500 meters of a certain wire is 125 . What length
of the same wire will have a resistance of 90 .
6. A current of 30 A divides between three resistances in parallel, 60 10
and 12 ohms respectively. What is the current in the 10 ohm
resistance?
ASSIGNMENT 1
35
EXAMPLE C
1. Two resistors connected in series have an equivalent resistance of 690
ohms. When they are connected in parallel, their equivalent resistance is
150 ohms. Find the resistance of each resistor.
2. When two unknown resistors are connected in series with a battery, 225
W is dissipated with a total current of 5 A. For the same total current, 50
W is dissipated when the resistors are connected in parallel. Determine
the values of the resistors.
3. A 5 ohm resistor and a 10 ohm resistor are connected in series. If the
power dissipated in the 5-ohm resistor is 125 W, what is the potential
difference across the combination?

EXAMPLE C
4. Find R
T
, I
T
, I
R1
, I
R2
, & I
R3
.
5. Find: a. R
T
& I
T
,
b. I
R1
, I
R2
& I
R3
;
c. E
R1
, E
R2
& E
R3
EXAMPLE C
6. Given:
Find: I
R1
, I
R2
, I
R3
& I
T
7. Three resistors A, B and C are
connected in parallel and take a
total current of 7.9 amps. Resistor
A takes 2.5 amp and has a
resistance of 48 ohms; also, the
current through B is twice as
much as that through C. Calculate
(a) I
B
and I
C
(b) the line voltage,
(c) R
B
and R
C
.
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EXAMPLE D
1. A resistance of 10 is connected in series with two resistances each 15
arrange in parallel. What resistance must be shunted across this parallel
combination so that the total current taken shall be 1.5 A with 20 V applied?
2. Two lamps of 80 W and 60 W rated 200 V supply are connected to 400 v supply
mains in series. Find the value of additional resistance to be connected across
60 W to get 200 V on each lamp.
3. A 10-ohm and a 20-ohm resistance are connected in parallel. Another resistance
of 5-ohm is connected in series with the two. If the supply voltage is 48 volts,
what is the current through the 10-ohm resistance?
4. A resistor of 40 ohms is in series with two resistors A and B in parallel. The
resistance of A is 100 ohms. The entire series-parallel circuit is connected
across a 120-V supply. Determine the resistance of resistor B in order that the
total current be 1.2 A.
5. A 12-ohm resistor is connected in parallel with a series combination of resistors
of 8 and 16 ohms. If the drop across the 8-ohm resistor is 48 V, determine the
total current.

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1. A lamp rated 100 V, 75 A is to be connected across 230 V by connecting a series
resistor to it. Determine the power dissipated in the series resistor.
2. Two heating coils in series draws 5 A from a battery. The first coil, when used
alone, is found to draw 8 A from the same battery. What current will be drawn by
the second coil when used alone?
3. Four 60W, 110 V bulbs are to be operated from a 230 v source. Determine the
value of the resistance connected in series with the line so that the voltage
across the bulbs does not exceed 110 V.
4. When the series combination of R
1
and R
2
is connected across a 30 V source,
the current drawn is 10 A. If R
2
is replaced by R
3
, the current is 12 A. The three
resistors in series draws 6 A. Determine the value of R
3
.
5. Four 60-W, 110-V bulbs are to be operated from a 230-V source. Determine the
value of the resistance connected in series with the line so that the voltage
across the bulbs does not exceed 110 V.
6. Two 30 ohm resistors are connected in series. When a resistor R is connected
across one of them, the total circuit resistance is 40 ohm. Calculate the ohmic
value of R.
ASSIGNMENT 2
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