(1) What are the Rig components.

Define each part and its importance

(2) Name the above rope types explaining the differences of using
each one.

2
The theoretical volume of fluid being displaced by the pump
having N
c
liners can be easily formulated from the figure shown
below, and is given by:
3
2
4
t L s c
V D L N
t
=
Sketch the preparing/cleaning mud system!!!
In term of mud system what are the data acquisition and
monitoring system
4
If the operation needs 3 triple piston pump to assure
680bbl/mint. How much the pump stroke volume will be?
Mud preparation/cleaning system
7

8
Hoisting System
9
10
11
13
Velocity of the hook = 120ft/mint
14
15
(1) A drilling rig has three diesel engines for generating rig power requirement.
Determine the total daily fuel consumption for an average engine running speed of
900 rpm, average output torque of 1610 ft-lb and engine efficiency of 40 %. The
heating value of diesel oil is 19000 BTU/lb, and the weight of the diesel is 7.2 ppg.

(2) Using the data given previously, determine (1) the round trip ton-miles at 10000ft;
(2) casing ton-miles if one joint of casing =40ft; (3) design factor of the drilling line
when the 7in casing is running to 10000ft; (4) the ton-miles when coring from
10000ft to 10180ft; and (5) the ton-miles when drilling from 10000ft to 10180ft.

(3) A rig must hoist a load of 300,000lbf. The drawworks can provide an input power to
the block and tackle system as high as 500 hp. Eight lines are strung between the
crown block and traveling block. Calculate
1. The static tension in the fast line when upward motion is impending,
2. the maximum hook horsepower available,
3. the maximum hoisting speed,
4. the actual derrick load,
5. the maximum equivalent derrick load,
6. the derrick efficiency factor.


H.W. (1)
factors affecting tooth wear
If the time interval of bit use is increased too much, the bit may break
apart leaving junk in the hole. This will required an additional trip to fish
the junk from the hole or may reduce greatly the efficiency of the next
bit if an attempt is made to drill past the junk. Thus a knowledge of the
instantaneous rate of bit wear is needed to determine how much the
time interval of bit use can be increased safely. Since practices are not
always the same for the new and old bit runs, a knowledge of how the
various drilling parameters affect the instantaneous rate of bit wear also
is needed.
The rate of tooth wear depends primarily on:
(1) formation abrasiveness.
(2)tooth geometry.
(3)bit weight.
(4)rotary speed, and
(5)the cleaning and cooling action of the drilling fluid.
The rate of tooth wear depends primarily on (1) formation abrasiveness.
(2)tooth geometry.(3)bit weight. (4)rotary speed, and (5)the cleaning
and cooling action of the drilling fluid.

Effect of tooth height on rate of tooth wear--Steel tooth

The bit tooth initially has
a contact area given by
1 1 y x i
w w A =
After removal of
certain tooth height,
the area are given by
( ) ( )
( ) | | ( ) | |
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( )( ) | |


2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1
1 2 1 1 2 1
L
L
h
1 2 1 1 2 1
i
r
h w w w w
h w w w w w w w w
w w h w w w h w
w w
L
L
w w w
L
L
w w w A
y y x x
y y x x x y y x
y y y x x x
y y
i
r
y x x
i
r
x y x
+
+ + =
+ +
(

+
(

+ = =
=
If we define the geometry constants G
1
and G
2
by
( ) ( ) | |
( )( ) | |
( ) G 1
by expressed be can A area contact then
G
2
2 1
1 2 1 2 2
1 2 1 1 2 1 1
h G h A A
A w w w w
A w w w w w w G
i
i y y x x
i y y x x x y
+ + =
=
+ =
Since the instantaneous wear rate dh/dt is proportional to the inverse
of the contact area A
( )
( )
2
2 1
2
2 1
1
1

1
1
h G h G dt
dh
h G h G
A
dt
dh
s
dt
dh
A
i
s
i
+ +
|
.
|

\
|

+ +

|
.
|

\
|
=
The simplified
equation is
( ) h H dt
dh
dt
dh
s 2
1
1
+
|
.
|

\
|

Recall that a case-hardened bit tooth or a tooth

with hard facing on one side often will have a self-
sharpening type of tooth wear, a constant H
2
can
be selected too
tooth height--PDC blank: the cutter
contact area is proportional to the length
of the chord.


( ) 2 / sin
1
|
c s
d dt
dh
dt
dh
|
.
|

\
|

4.1.2 Bit weight: Galle and Woods

published one of the first equations
for predicting the effect of bit weight
on the instantaneous rate of tooth
wear. The relation is given by
0 . 10 and inches, in diameter bit d
units lbm - 1,000 in bit weight
log 1
1
b
( =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
b
b
d W
W
where
d
W
dt
dh
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

b
s
d
W
dt
dh
dt
dh
log 1
3979 . 0
The wear rate at various bit weight can
be expressed in terms of a standard
wear rate that would occur for a bit
weight of 4,000 lbf/in. Thus, the wear
rate relative to this standard wear rate
is given by:
Note that dh/dt becomes infinite for
W/d
b
=10,this equation predicts the
teeth would fail instantaneously if
10,000 lbf/in. of bit diameter were
applied. Another relation is given by :
b
m
b
d
W
d
W
dt
dh

|
|
.
|

\
|

1
Expressing this relation in terms of a standard wear rate at 4,000lbf/in. of
bit diameter yields
(
(
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|

b
m
b
m
b
s
d
W
d
W
d
W
dt
dh
dt
dh
4
Rotary speed---for milled-tooth bits
designed for use in soft formations.


1
60
H
s
N
dt
dh
dt
dh
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|

Hydraulics
the effect of the cooling and cleaning action of the drilling fluid on the
cutter wear rate is much more important for diamond or PDC bit than
the rolling cutter bit, but no mathematical models.
tooth wear equation: the instantaneous rate of tooth wear is given by:
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+

(
(
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
h H
H
d
W
d
W
d
W
N
dt
dh
b
m
b
m
b
H
H 2
2
1
2 1
4
60
1
1
t
Recommended values of H
1
,H
2
, and
(W/db)
m
are shown as follows:
Define a tooth wear
parameter J
2
using
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
(
(
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2 1
1 60
4
2
1
H N
d
W
d
W
d
W
J
H
m
b
b
m
b
2
The tooth wear equation
can be expressed by:
( )
( ) 2 /
1
2
2 2
0 0
2 2
f f H b
t
h
H
h H h J t
dh h H J dt
b
f
+ =
+ =
} }
t
t
Solving for the abrasiveness
constant
H
gives
( ) 2 /
2
2 2 f f
b
H
h H h J
t
+
= t
An example to tooth wear equation
An 8.5-in. class 1-3-1 bit drilled from a depth of 8,179 to 8,404 ft in 10.5
hours. The average bit weight and rotary speed use for the bit run was
45,000lbf and 90 rpm, respectively. When the bit was pulled, it was
graded T-5, B-4, G-I. Compute the average formation abrasiveness for
this depth interval. Also estimate the time required to dull the teeth
completely using the same bit weight and rotary speed.
Solution. Using table in page 93 we obtain H
1
=1.84, H
2
=6, and
(W/db)
m
=8.0. using equation in page 94 we obtain
08 . 0
2 / 6 1
1
90
60
0 . 4 0 . 8
5 . 8 45 0 . 8
84 . 1
2
=
+

|
.
|

\
|

= J
Solving for the abrasiveness constant using a final fraction tooth dullness of
5/8(0.625) gives
( ) | |
hours
hours
H
0 . 73
2 / 625 . 0 6 625 . 0 080 . 0
5 . 10
2
=
+
= t
The time required to dull the teeth
completely (h
f
=1.0) can be obtained by
( )
( ) ( ) | |
hours 4 . 23
2 / 1 6 1 73.0 0.08
2 /
2
2
2 2
=
+ =
+ =
f f H b
h H h J t t
factors affecting bearing wear
The prediction of bearing wear is much more difficult than the prediction of tooth
wear. Like tooth wear, the instantaneous rate of bearing wear depends on the
current condition of the bit. After the bearing surface become damaged, the rate
of bearing wear increases greatly. However, since the bearing surface cannot be
examined readily during the dull bit evaluation, a liner rate of bearing wear
usually is assumed. For a given applied force, the bearing life can be expressed
in terms of total revolution as long as the rotary speed is low enough to prevent
an excessive temperature increase. Thus, bit bearing life usually is assumed to
vary linearly with rotary speed.
The effect of bit weight on bearing life depends on the number and type of
bearings used and whether or not the bearings are sealed.
The hydraulic action of the drilling fluid at the bit is also thought to have some
effect on bearing life. As flow rate increase, the ability of the fluid to cool the
bearings also increases. It is believed that flow rate sufficient to lift cuttings will
also be sufficient to prevent excessive temperature buildup in the bearings.

A bearing wear formula frequently used to estimate bearing life is
given by
hours constant, bearing
and exponents, wear B
inches diameter, bit d
1,000lbf , bit weight W
rpm speed, rotary N
, t
consumed been has that life bearing fractional b
4 60
1
B
2 1,
b
2
1
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
t
t
bearing B
hours time
where
d
W N
dt
db
B
b
B
B
Define a bearing
wear parameter J3
using
2 1
4 60
3
B
b
B
W
d
N
J
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Then the bearing
wear formula can
be expressed by
bit the pulling after
observed wear bearing final the is b
where

f
0 0
3
} }
=
b
f
t
b
B
db J dt t
Integration of the equation
above yields
f
b
B
f B b
b J
t
b J t
3
3
=
=
t
t
An example to bearing wear equation
Compute the bearing constant for a 7.875-in., class 6-1-6(sealed journal
bearings) bit that was graded T-5, B-6, G-I after drilling 64 hours at
30,000lbf and 70 rpm.

Solution. Get B
1
=1.6 and B
2
=1.0
Using equation in page 105 we obtain

( )
820 . 0
30
875 . 7 4
70
60
0 . 1 6 . 1
3
=
(

|
.
|

\
|
= J
Solving for the bearing constant using b
f
=6/8 yields

hours 104
) 0.820(0.75
hours 64
= =
B
t
Factors affecting penetration rate
The most important variables affecting penetration rate that have been
identified and studied include (1) bit type, (2)formation characteristics,
(3)drilling fluid properties, (4)bit operating conditions, (5) bit tooth wear,
and (6) bit hydraulics.
bit type
For rolling cutter bits:long tooth and a large cone offset angle will get high
rate in soft formation
Drag bit are designed to obtain a given penetration rate.
The diamond and PDC bits are designed for a given penetration per
revolution by selection of the size and number of blades
formation characteristics
Elastic limit and ultimate strength are two main formation properties affect
the penetration rate.
Permeability of the formation and the mineral composition of the rock
Drilling fluid properties
Density and rheological flow properties Filtration characteristics
Solids content and size distribution chemical composition
operating conditions
Penetration rate vs. Bit weight

No significant penetration rate is obtained until the
threshold bit weight is applied (point a).
Penetration rate then increase rapidly with
increasing values of bit weight (segment ab). A
liner curve is often observed at moderate bit
weights (segment bc). However, at higher values of
bit weight, subsequent increase in bit weight causes
only slight improvement in penetration rate
(segment cd). In some cases, a decrease in
penetration rate is observed at extremely high
values of bit weight (segment de). This type of
behavior often is called bit floundering.
Rotary speed vs. penetration rate

Penetration rate usually increases linearly
with rotary speed at low values of rotary
speed. At higher values of rotary speed, the
response of penetration rate to increasing
rotary speed diminishes.
Penetration rate relating to bit weight,
rotary speed, bit size, and rock strength
is given by
N
d
W
d
W
S
K
R
t
b b

(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
0
2
This theoretical relation assumes perfect bottom-hole cleaning and
incomplete bit tooth penetration.
The theoretical equation of Maurer can be verified using experimental
data obtained at relatively low bit weight and rotary speeds
corresponding to Segment ab in page 115 and 117.
bit tooth wear: Most bits tends to drill slower as the bit run progresses
because of tooth wear. The tooth length of milled tooth is reduced
continually by abrasion and chipping. The insert tooth fail by breaking
or losing rather than abrasion. The same as the diamond bits.
For rolling-cutter bits. Model of tooth wear on penetration rate is:
) sharpening - self (0.5 exponent an a
away been worn has that
height tooth fractional the h
1 6 92815 . 0
1
7
2
7
=
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ +

where
h h
R
a
h a
e R
7

Anther similar but less complex relationship is given by

a
7
is determined based on the observed decline of penetration rate with
tooth wear for previous bits run under similar conditions.
An Example
An initial penetration rate of 20 ft/hr was observed in shale at the beginning of a
bit run. The previous bit was identical to the current bit and was operated under
the same conditions of bit weight, rotary speed, mud density, etc. However, a
drilling rate of 12 ft/hr was observed in the same shale formation just before
pulling the bit. If the previous bit was graded T-6, compute the approximate
value of a
7
.
Solution: The value of h for the previous bit just before the
end of the bit run is 6/8 or 0.75. The value of h for the now
bit is zero. Thus, for the relation given we have
( ) ( ) 75 . 0 0
7 7
7
12 and 20
a a
h a
Ke Ke
Ke R

= =
=
Dividing the first equation by the second yields

7
75 . 0
12
20
a
e =
Taking the natural logarithm of both sides and solving for a7 gives
( )
68 . 0
75 . 0
12 20 ln
7
= = a
Bit hydraulics
drilling practice showed that significant improvement in penetration
rate could be achieved through an improved jetting action at the bit.
The improved jetting action promoted better cleaning of the bit teeth
as well as the hole bottom.
bit hydraulics. Relation between bit hydraulics and penetration rate.

Eckel found that penetration rate
could be correlated to a Reynolds
number group given by
1 -
a
Re
seconds 10,000 at fluid drilling
of iscosity apparent v
and diameter, nozzle
rate flow
density fluid drilling
constant scaling a

=
=
=
=
=
=

d
v
K where
vd
K N
a
4.3.7 penetration rate equation
For drag bit. All the drag bit are designed to achieve a given maximum
penetration per revolution. Under ideal condition, the bit weight and
rotary speed is such that the bit is kept feeding into the formation at the
design cutting rate. The penetration rate of a drag bit for a given
penetration of the cutting element into the formation is given by
speed rotary
and blades, of number effictive
element. cutting each
of n penetratio effective

=
=
=
=
N
n
L
where
N n L R
be
pe
be pe
The equations were derived for a simplified model which assumed the
following.
1. The bit has a flat face that is perpendicular to the axis of the hole.
2. Each blade is formed by diamonds laid out as a helix.
3. The stones are spherical is shape.
4. The diamonds are spaced so that the cross-sectional area removed
per stone is a maximum for the design depth of penetration.
5. The bit is operated at the design depth of penetration.
6. The bit hydraulics are sufficient for perfect bottom-hole cleaning.

For these conditions, the effective penetration and the effective number of blades
are given by
2
92 . 1
67 . 0
p p c b
d
c
be
p pe
L L d d
s
C
n
and
L L

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
An example
An 8.625-in. diamond bit containing 270 0.23-in.-diameter
stones of 1.00 carat is designed to operate at a depth of
penetration of 0.01 in. Estimate the penetration rate that could
be obtained with this bit if the formation characteristics are such
that an acceptable bit weight and torque for this penetration
could be maintained at a rotary speed of 200 rpm.
Solution: Ignoring the bit contouring required for proper hydraulic
action and gauge protection, the bit is assumed to have a flat face
that is perpendicular to the axis of the hole. Thus .

( )
in. stones/sq 621 . 4
625 . 8
4
270
2
= =
t
d
c
s
C
The effective number of blades is given by
( )( ) ( ) ( )
3.59
01 . 0 01 . 0 23 . 0 625 . 8 4.621 1.92
92 . 1
2
2
=
=

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
p p c b
d
c
be
L L d d
s
C
n
The effective penetration is given by
( ) . in 0067 . 0 01 . 0 67 . 0 = =
pe
L
The penetration rate at a rotary speed of 200 rpm is given by
( )( )

ft/hr 24
200 60 59 . 3
12
0067 . 0
=
= = N n L R
be pe
penetration rate equation For rolling cutter
bits

) )...( )( )( )( (
4 3 2 1 n
f f f f f R =