Motivation

What is different between terminal voltage and Electromotive force ?

Terminal voltage is the potential difference across battery terminal on a closed loop (a current is flowing).

Electromotive force (EMF) is the potential difference across battery terminal on an open circuit (no current is flowing).

BATTERY
BASIC COMPETENCY : Describing the principle of a cell and electric current generated

Indicators :
Explaining the structure and the principle of primary electric and secondary electric cells

Electric cells
There are two kinds electric cells are: 1. Primary cells 2. Secondary cells

Primary cells A primary cells is a disposible voltage source which cannot be recharged if it has run out of charge. Examples : 1. Voltaic cell 2. Leclanche cell 3. Daniel cell 4. Dry cell

1.Voltaic cell
Voltaic cell comprises two metal plates: 1. Copper (Cu) acts as an anode (+) 2. Zinc (Zn) acts as a cathode (-) 3. The electrolyte is a solution of diluted sulfuric acid (H2SO4) 4. Wire 5. Load (light bulb) Polarization ?

2. Leclanhce cell
Leclanhce consists of : 1. carbon rod (C) as an anode (+) 2. Zinc rod (Zn) as a cathode (-) 3. An ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) solution acts as the electrolyte 4. To prevent polarization, it uses a mixture of manganese dioxide (MnO2) and carbon powder which works as a depolarizer It product a potential difference about 1.5 Volt.

3. Daniell cell
The Daniell cell contains of: 1. a copper rod as an anode (+) in a copper sulfate (CuSO4) solution 2. A zinc rod as a cathode (-) in a zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) solution It product a potential difference about 1.1 volt.

4. Dry cell (Battery)

Structure of the Battery 1. Zinc (Zn) 2. Ammonium Chloride ( NH4Cl) 3. Mangan Dioxide (MnO2 ) 4. Carbon (C)

If of both poles of the dry cell are connected to a closed circuit, as in a torch, a chemical reaction involving carbon, zinc and some chemical in the paste, will occur. As a result the carbon loses electrons so it becomes positively charged (+) , and forms the positive pole of the dry cell.
On the other hand, electron collecting in zinc result in gaining more electron and they form the negative pole of the dry cell.

THE FUNCTION OF BATTERY PARTS

@ Zinc : as negative pole (cathode) @ Carbon : as positive pole (anode) @ NH4Cl : as the current source to release electron @ MnO2 : as preventative polarization Polarization is the appearance of hydrogen bubble gas which cling to the carbon plate that impede the electric current It product a potential difference about 1.5 volt.

Dry Cell Battery

This simple dry cell battery contains a negative electrode (a zinc sheath which encloses the battery materials) and a positive electrode (the carbon rod and the carbon and manganese dioxide mixture that surrounds the rod). An electrolyte paste separates the two electrodes and facilitates a chemical reaction between them. This reaction causes a current to flow (that is, makes the electrons move) through a conductor that connects the positive and negative electrodes.

Scondary Cells
1. Accumulator 2. Rechargeable Battery a. Nickel-Cadmiunm (Ni-Cd) Battery b. Nickel-Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) Battery c. Lithium Ion Battery

1. Accumulator
The storage battery consists of a group of cells connected together in series. Each cell consists of : 1. a porous lead dioxide (PbO2) plate acts as a positive terminal. 2. a propous lead (Pb) plate acts as a negative terminal 3. an electrolytic solution of sulfuric acid (H2SO4).

Accumulator battery is a type of rechargeable battery.

Some advantages of car battery compared to other batteries are: 1. It has longer lifetime 2. It produces a larger current 3. It can be recharged by applying electric energy if it has run out of charge or its potential difference decreases

A pair of positive and negative terminals in an accumulator is called a cell. Each cell has a potential difference of 2 volt.

 What the meaning of the Dischage ?

Charging an accumulator is carried out by conecting the negative terminal of the accumulator to a direct current (DC) voltage source in a reverse direction whit the current flow from the accumulator.

CONCLUSION
*

The structure of battery from outer side to inner are : 1. Zinc (Zn) 2. Ammonium Chloride ( NH4Cl) 3. Mangan Dioxide (MnO2 ) 4. Carbon (C)

* Dry Cell produces potential difference due to the chemical reaction that involves zinc and chemical substances in the paste. * The principle work of battery is changing the chemical energy into electric energy * There are two electric cell are : - primary cells - scendary cells

ANSWER THE QUESTIONS BELOW

1. Can you mention the structure of a battery ? 2. What is the function of Ammonium Chloride ?

STRUCTURE OF BATTERY
Carbon rod

Zinc Ammonium Chloride

Mangan Dioxide