Study Guide Organic Chemistry Hydrocarbons - Alkanes

Q1

1. Identify hydrocarbons.

A1

1. Contain only carbon and hydrogen Important fuels Base stock for the synthesis of many useful compounds

Q2

1. List some common examples of hydrocarbons.

A2

2. Familiar examples: methane, propane, butane and octane

Q3

2. Identify alkanes.

A3

3. Contain only hydrogen and carbon Only single covalent bonds

Q4

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A4

4. Alkanes all fit this formula scheme: CnH2n+2 where n can be any whole number

Q5

5. What are the names and uses of the first 10 alkanes?

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A5

Methane, CH4 Ethane, C2H6 Propane, C3H8 Butane, C4H10

fuel, major component of natural gas fuel, component of natural gas fuel, LPG bottled gas fuel, cigarette lighters

Pentane, C5H12 fuel, component of gasoline Hexane, C6H14 fuel, component of gasoline Heptane, C7H16 fuel, component of gasoline

Octane, C8H18
Nonane, C9H20 Decane, C10H22

fuel, major component of gasoline fuel, component of gasoline

fuel, component of gasoline

Memorize these.
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Q6

What the molecular and structural formulas for ethanol?

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A6

6. Ethanol has the formula C2H5OH Structural formula:

Ball and Stick Model

Lewis Model

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Q7

At room temperature, 25 C, how many alkanes (C1 C14) are gases? At 25 C, how many are liquids? Solids?

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A7

At room temperature, 25 C, how many alkanes (C1 C14) are gases? ? 4, methane, ethane, propane and butane At 25 C, how many are liquids? 9, pentane through tetradecane, (C14H30) Solids? Zero Alkanes from C18H40 on up (C19, C20, C21 ) all have melting points above 25 C. Therefore they are solids at room temperature. Note: for the alkanes C11 C19, the following prefixes are used.
uni = 1, do (or di) = 2, tri = 3, tetra = 4, penta = 5, hexa = 6, hepta = 7, octa = 8, nona = 9. Example: C17H36 = heptadecane

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Q8

What are the names for: C13H28? C18H40?

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A8

C13H28? tridecane C18H38? octadecane Rule: For alkanes 11-19, add the prefix, when that number is added to 10, equals the number of carbons in the backbone of the alkane in question. The names run together, as in heptadecane, C17H36. You should be able to write the correct names for the normal alkanes, C1 C19.
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Q9

Identify three other families of hydrocarbons.

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A9

(1) Cycloalkanes CnH2n (2) Alkenes CnH2n CnH2n

Unsaturated hydrocarbons

(3) Aromatics (arenes) Ring compounds with

alternating single (C-C) and double (C=C) carbon to carbon bonds. C/H of atoms in the aromatics is about 1:1 as in benzene, C6H6 (the only one you need to know!).
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Q 11

Define structural isomers.

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A 11

Compounds that have the same molecular formulas but different structural formulas.

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Q 12

Referring to the structural isomers of C5H12, As branching increases what happens to the boiling points of these isomers?

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A 12

As the branching increases, the boiling points decrease. That is because the longer molecules can interact with each other and stick together a little tighter than can their branched, more compact structural isomers. These branched forms have less surface area to stick to each other. Therefore the branched forms boil at a lower temperature than do their linear isomers.
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Q 13

The most important alkane reaction is __________. Otherwise, alkanes are relatively _______ chemically.

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A 13

The most important alkane reaction is combustion. Otherwise, alkanes are relatively stable chemically.

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Q 14

What three common alkanes are found in the home?

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A 14

Paraffin wax, mineral oil and petroleum jelly

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Q 15

A. Which of the largest four petroleum companies had the greatest sales in dollars for 2007? B. Which had the greatest profit as a % of sales?

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A 15

A. Royal Dutch Shell B. Exon

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Q 16

What are five natural sources of alkanes?

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A 16

Petroleum, natural gas, coal, methanogen bacteria, and cattle

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Q 17

Where were petroleum and natural gas formed?

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A 17

They were formed from microscopic phytoplankton and zooplankton in ancient marine and freshwater environments.

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Q 18

Briefly describe the process of petroleum formation.

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A 18

Petroleum and NG form under anoxic conditions (lack of oxygen) when dead plankton drift to the ocean bottom (benthos) and are covered by sediments. The organic molecules are deprived of oxygen (anoxic). Over time these organic compounds are gradually converted to alkanes. Pressures and temperatures are high.

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Q 19

Explain how sugar can be converted to methane.

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A 19 Sugar, under high pressure and temperature, anoxically decomposes to carbon dioxide and methane. Sugar carbon dioxide and methane Energy + C6H12O6 CO2 + CH4 Balanced: Energy + C6H12O6 3 CO2 + 3 CH4 This is an endothermic process (energy input required)

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Q 20

What does the preponderance of evidence suggest concerning the consumption of petroleum?

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A 20

The preponderance of evidence suggests that the worlds consumption of petroleum and natural gas is out pacing its natural rate of production. In other words we are rapidly running out of these resources.

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Q 21

What is the Hubbert curve?

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A 21

It is a model for predicting the exploitation of geological resources.

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Q 22

Which areas of the worlds oceans have the lowest photosynthetic rates?

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A 22

With a few exceptions, the lowest rate areas are located in the open tropical oceans of both the northern and southern hemispheres.

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Q 24

Petroleum is formed in an _________of favorable temperature and pressure in the sedimentary rock below the oil deposit.

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A 24

Petroleum is formed in an oil window of favorable temperature and pressure in the sedimentary rock below the oil deposit.

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Q 25

Describe a normal petroleum deposit.

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A 25

Petroleum is a complex mixture of alkanes, cycloalkanes, unsaturated hydrocarbons, as well as other carbon compounds. These deposits will often contain (1) an upper layer of gases,(2) a middle layer of liquid/solid materials (mostly organic compounds) with (3) a lower layer of saline water.

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Q 26

Identify three approaches to oil refining?

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A 26

(1) Fractional distillation: Relies on differences in boiling points to separate compounds from the petroleum mixture (2) Hydrocarbon Cracking: Using energy and catalysts, large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules. (3) Organic synthesis: Special products called petroleum derivatives are produced using specific chemical processes.
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Q 27

Question 27 is missing.

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Q 28

What is gasoline?

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A 28

Gasoline is a mixture of alkanes, usually in the range of C4 to C10

These molecules can be straight chains or branched

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Q 29 Identify: octane rating.

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A 29

Octane Rating is a measure of the autoignition properties of a fuel in a spark ignition internal combustion engine. In other words, the fuels anti-knock characteristics.

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Q 30

Fuels are compared to 2,2,4-trimethyl pentane (iso-octane) ____octane and nheptane ____ octane What is compared? The anti-knock characteristics of the fuel. If a fuel performs as does a mixture of 90% 2,2,4 trimethylpentane (iso-octane) and 10% n-heptane, then the fuel is rated as _____ and so on.
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A 30

Fuels are compared to 2,2,4-trimethyl pentane (iso-octane) 100 octane and nheptane zero octane What is compared? The anti-knock characteristics of the fuel. If a fuel performs as does a mixture of 90% 2,2,4 trimethylpentane (iso-octane) and 10% n-heptane, then the fuel is rated as 90 octane and so on.
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Q 32

Identify: (R+M)/2)

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A 32

(R+M)/2) = the average octane value and is reported in the U.S.A as the octane rating
All the same: Road Octane Number (RdON), Pump Octane Number (PON), or (R+M)/2.

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Q 31

Balance the following using whole numbers.

A. methane + oxygen carbon dioxide + water B. hexane + oxygen carbon dioxide + water C. Decane + oxygen carbon dioxide + water D. Tetradecane + oxygen carbon dioxide + water

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A 31

A. B.

CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O 2 C6H14 + 19 O2 12 CO2 + 14 H2O

C.
D.

2 C10H22 + 31 O2 20 CO2 + 22 H2O

2 C14H30 + 43 O2 28 CO2 + 30 H2O

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Q 33

Every gallon of gasoline consumed produces about _____________________.

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A 33

Every gallon of gasoline consumed produces about 19 pounds of carbon dioxide gas.

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Q 34

Identify several climate sensitive systems.

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A 34

.(1) Human health,(2) agriculture, (3) natural ecosystems, (4) coastal areas, and (5) heating and cooling requirements are examples of climate-sensitive. systems

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Q 35

Explain how the arctic tundra system is being changed by global warming.

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A 35

The Arctic is expected to experience the greatest rates of warming compared with other world regions As permafrost melts, methane and CO2 are released from the frozen soil. Methane is a greenhouse gas (25 times more potent than CO2) The permafrost system seems to be in a positive feedback mode (higher temperatures increase the melting and release of more 66 GHGs higher temperatures and so on)

Q 36

_______ have relatively low toxicity. Aromatic hydrocarbons _______have relatively _____ toxicity.

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A 36

Alkanes have relatively low toxicity. Aromatic hydrocarbons (arenes) have relatively high toxicity.

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Q 37

______________to high levels of benzene can cause leukemia.

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A 37

Long-term exposure to high levels of benzene can cause leukemia.

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Q 38

Describe the molecular structures of soaps and detergents. How are they similar? Different?

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A 38

Both soaps and detergents have long-tails of nonpolar alkane-like hydrocarbons. These tails dissolve into the oil.
Nonpolar alkane-like tail

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3-1 Na+1
Polar head

The polar heads,CH2OSO3-1 Na+1, of detergents, are different in that soaps contain carbon instead of sulfur. Both act similarly in that the polar heads dissolve into the water. This action reduces the oil to micro- droplets which easily disperse.
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Q 39

Certain types of _________ can metabolize alkanes.

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A 39

Certain types of bacteria can metabolize alkanes.

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Q 40

________ are derivatives of hydrocarbons as we saw with the synthesis of ethanol from ethene and water.

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A 40

Alcohols are derivatives of hydrocarbons as we saw with the synthesis of ethanol from ethene and water.

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Q 41

How is ethene different from ethane? This difference allows ethene to be readily converted to ______ using water and a catalyst.

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A 41

How is ethene different from ethane? Ethene contains a very chemically active double bond. This bond can be broken readily and functional groups can be added to the molecule. This difference allows ethene to be readily converted to ethanol using water and a catalyst.

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Q 42

The common name for ethane-1,2-diol is__________, or antifreeze, a toxic liquid.

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A 42

The common name for ethane-1,2-diol is ethylene glycol, or antifreeze, a toxic liquid.

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Q 43

What are some uses of ethane-1,2-diol?

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A 43

What are some uses of ethane-1,2-diol? Ethane-1,2-diol is used as antifreeze and as a precursor for plastics.

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Q 44

What are the two major categories of plastics and which can be recycled?

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A 44

What are the two major categories of plastics and which can be recycled? Plastics is divided into 2 major categories thermoplastics and thermosets. Thermoplastics can be recycled; thermosets can not.

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Q 45

Provide two examples of each plastics category?

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A 45

Provide two examples of each plastics category? Thermoplastics: Polyethylene (PE) Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Thermosets: Vulcanized Rubber Urea Formaldehyde (UF)

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