MOBILE COMPUTING

SIGNALS

Signals I

physical representation of data function of time and location signal parameters: parameters representing the value of data classification continuous time/discrete time continuous values/discrete values analog signal = continuous time and continuous values digital signal = discrete time and discrete values signal parameters of periodic signals: period T, frequency f=1/T, amplitude A, phase shift sine wave as special periodic signal for a carrier:

Fourier representation of periodic signals

1 g (t ) c an sin(2nft ) bn cos(2nft ) 2 n 1 n 1

0 t

0 t

ideal periodic signal

real composition (based on harmonics)

Signals II

Different representations of signals amplitude (amplitude domain) frequency spectrum (frequency domain) phase state diagram (amplitude M and phase in polar coordinates)
Q = M sin

A [V] t[s]

A [V]

I= M cos

f [Hz]

Composed signals transferred into frequency domain using Fourier transformation Digital signals need infinite frequencies for perfect transmission modulation with a carrier frequency for transmission (analog signal!)

Signal propagation ranges

Transmission range communication possible low error rate Detection range detection of the signal possible no communication possible Interference range signal may not be detected signal adds to the background noise

sender

transmission
distance detection interference

Signal propagation
Propagation in free space always like light (straight line) Receiving power proportional to 1/d (d = distance between sender and receiver) Receiving power additionally influenced by fading (frequency dependent) shadowing reflection at large obstacles scattering at small obstacles diffraction at edges

shadowing

reflection

scattering

diffraction

Multipath propagation
Signal can take many different paths between sender and receiver due to reflection, scattering, diffraction

signal at sender signal at receiver

Time dispersion: signal is dispersed over time

interference with neighbor symbols, Inter Symbol

Interference (ISI) The signal reaches a receiver directly and phase shifted

distorted signal depending on the phases of the different

parts

Multipath Propagation (source: Stallings)

Effect of Multipath Propagation

Multiple copies of the signal may arrive with different phases. If the phases add destructively, the signal level reduces relative to noise. Inter Symbol Interference (ISI)

Dopplers Shift

When a client is mobile, the frequency of received signal could be less or more than that of the transmitted signal due to Dopplers effect If the mobile is moving towards the direction of arrival of the wave, the Dopplers shift is positive If the mobile is moving away from the direction of arrival of the wave, the Dopplers shift is negative

Dopplers Shift
S

fd

cos

where fd =change in frequency due to Dopplers shift v = constant velocity of the mobile receiver = wavelength of the transmission

X Y

Dopplers shift
f = fc + fd where f = the received carrier frequency fc = carrier frequency being transmitted fd = Dopplers shift as per the formula in the prev slide

Effects of mobility
Channel characteristics change over time and location signal paths change different delay variations of different signal parts different phases of signal parts

quick changes in the power received (short term fading)

Additional changes in distance to sender obstacles further away received (long term fading)
short term fading t power long term fading

slow changes in the average power