Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Von Baeyer, "Why Warmth Disperses and Time Passes" Photocopies are available at Copy Central (opposite North Gate of campus) for ~ $15 for the two.
Reference Texts: (on reserve in Engineering Library) Van Wylen, Sonntag, and Borgnakke, Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics, 4th Ed., Wiley (1994) Gaskell, Introduction to Metallurgical Thermodynamics Ed., McGraw-Hill (1981);
, 2nd
Assignment #1: Read Von Baeyer; solve problem on slide 6 Quiz 9/5 AM (closed book) will cover V-B and lecture on History of Thermo 1
8/28/07
Fahrenheit (1715); measured temperature by expansion of a fluid (mercury) Celsius (1742) defined 0oC as the melting point of ice; 100oC as the boiling point of water; with a scale in between linear with expansion of fluid why?
Lavoisier (1780) realized that matter is composed of discrete atoms and molecules Dalton (1808), temperature interpreted as a measure of particle speed (gas) or vibration (solid) 3
Kelvin (ca 1885) introduced the notion of the absolute zero temperature, where all atomic motion stops: T(K) = T(oC ) + T0; absolute zero is 0 K or -T0oC . How to determine T0 ?
T,oC
Solid Ice CO2 x x -273=T0
Boiling water X
pgas
Gas Thermometer
Air in the flask expands with temperature and exerts pressure on the surface of the oil, causing it to rise in the column. with ice in the air flask: TF = 0 + 273 = 273 K - Relief valve open - po = 1 atm
Column Area = AC
~ 1.6 m
Tubing, vol = Vt
Relief valve
n1
Reservoir Flask Vol = VF Oil 5
Heater
Relief value closed & ice removed air flask at room temperature (22 oC) oil rises to height h1 Homework problem! solve for h1
repeat
pC
p1
Finally, the temperature scales are fixed: International Committee (1954): defines the unique state of water: the triple point where ice, water, and water vapor (only) coexist at 0.01oC and 611 Pa (0.00611 atm) The triple-point temperature anchors the temperature scale Does not affect absolute zero (-273.15oC)
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Heat
Since the 18th Cent., heat was viewed as a fluid (caloric) that moves from a body at high temperature to one at low temperature During the 19th Cent., the correct view of heat was uncovered:
Heat is energy in motion from a hot system to cold surroundings (or vice versa)
Some effects of heat : -increasing the temp.of a body - melting a body - vaporizing a liquid - producing mechanical work
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Work
Known from mechanics since Newton (1687) as force x distance. Heat and Work are two aspects of energy in motion; work is completely convertible to heat (Rumford, Joule (1840))
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Energy comes in many interconvertible forms: - internal (atomic motion in solids, liquids & gases) - electrical & magnetic
- surface
- chemical - in molecular bonds (coal power) - kinetic (wind power)
conservation of energy - Mayer (1842) - Helmholz, Clausius, (ca 1850) energy is related to heat and work by the 1st Law of Thermodynamics
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Chemical/Materials Thermodynamics
This branch deals with: - multiple components, multiple phases - chemically reacting mixtures - equilibrium at conditions of fixed p and T Developed by Willard Gibbs (Yale Univ. 1890) Gibbs introduces the chemical potential the driving force for:
- Chemical reactions - Exchange of a species between phases - Diffusion of a species in a single phase
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Statistical Thermodynamics
Links atomic motions to thermodynamic properties Boltzmann (ca 1885) discovers the formula for the absolute entropy Planck (~ 1900) quantization of energy states Einstein, Debye (1905) quantum mechanical explanation of specific heats of solids Fermi, Dirac, Bose quantum statistical thermodynamics Giauque (1930, UCB)- the 3rd Law: The entropy of a body is zero at 0 K
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