PRESENTED BY URWASHI VERMA (M.V.Sc.

Student) (semester- IIIrd) CREDIT: (1+0) ENROLLMENT NO: V/10/169

COURSE TEACHER DR.M.R.WADE (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR) DEPARTMENT OF POULTRY SCIENCE

INTRODUCTION

Poultry nutrition moves towords higher standards

Economic sustainability, consumer confidence and food security

Conti.

Poultry nutrition has had a rich and fruitful history, utilizing feed ingredients and feed manufacturing technology to supply nutrients for optimum productivity Over the past 25 years, poultry nutrition has focused on production efficiency, today, it strives to maximize the biological and economical performance Previously, a 42 day-old broiler weighed 540 gm with a feed conversion efficiency of 2.35, today a broiler of the same age weighs 2.8 kg with an FCR under 1.70

Conti.

Growth performance and meat yield of commercial broilers and turkey has improved linearly each year with greater input efficiency during the past 4 decades Neonatal development by in ovo feeding The intestinal epithelium has a major role in determining the developmental potential of the hatched chicks

CONCEPT

Physiological changes occuring during the pre to post hatch period

The use of the egg nutrients by the embryo during incubation

Early strategy for feeding was developed

EMBRYONIC

DEVELOPMENT
FERTILIZATION: Fertilization is the process of combining the male gamete, or sperm, with the female gamete or ovum. The product of this combination is a cell called a zygote.

CONTI.

UNFERTILIZED EGG:
The embryonic disk of sterile egg bears an accumulation of white materials at its center

FERTILIZED EGG:
fertilized embryonic disk looks like a ring: it has a central area, lighter color, which is to house the embryo

INTERIOR VIEW OF INCUBATED CHICKEN EGG

PERIODS IN EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT

Establishment of germ

Embryo completion Emergence

4 DAY

5 DAY

6 DAY

7DAY

ESTABLISHMENT OF GERM (1-7 DAYS)

11 DAY

12 DAY

13 DAY

14 DAY

EMBRYO COMPLETION (8-14 DAYS)

19 DAY

20 DAY

21 DAY

EMERGANCE(15-21 DAYS)

Depletion of all nutrients during hatching process

Late access to feed/ fasting

Insufficient nutrient supply to hen

INSUFFICIENT NUTRIENT SUPPLY

Most people think the first meal the chick consumes is when it hatches, but in-fact the first meal is when that embryo consumes the amniotic fluid as it hatches Dr Peter Ferket ( Researcher at North Carolina State University )

Restricted feeding of parent stock

Egg production and other stress

IN OVO FEEDING
INJECTING NUTRIENTS INTO THE AMNION DURING INCUBATION OF EGG

The timing and form of nutrients supplied post-hatch is critical for development of gastrointestinal tract Providing feed to the developing embryo which affect the performance of hatching chicks

Conti
Many potential nutrient supplements can be included in the

in-ovo feeding solution

Carbohydrate -hydroxy--methylbutyrate (HMB) Vitamins and minerals Amino acids

Conti
Degree of response to in ovo feeding:

Breeder hen age Egg size Incubation conditions ( Source :-FERKET,2004 )

Fertile egg 350C Laminar flow On18th day (Hatcher) Ethyl alcohol

20 Minutes
Sterile paraffin/ cellophane tape

Setter

Conti

Size of needle=21-25 gauge

INJECTING NUTRIENT

(1). INOVOJECT MACHINE

EMBREX has developed and marketed the INOVOJECT, an automated egg injection machine that improves poultry production efficiency

This smaller device can inject between 12,000 to 20,000 eggs per hour

Conti.

The full-size Inovoject can inject up to 70,000 egg per hour and produces 600 Billion eggs per year

MANUALJECT MACHINE

INTELLILAB MACHINE

THE HOLE
BACKGROUND

During in ovo injection, a small hole poked in the large end of the egg using a needle The embryo need more oxygen than can be provided through the tiny holes (pores) in the shell Making the injection hole allows oxygen to flow freely into the egg and increased hatchability

RESULTS

EFFECT OF IN OVO FEEDING OF CARBOHYDRATE ON THE MUCIN CONTENT IN THE CHICKEN INTESTINAL GOBLET CELLS

The protective mucus layer covers the entire surface of the gastrointestinal tract Nutrient absorption Feed deprivation Providing the carbohydrate as an energy source Source :- Smirnov et al. (2008)

EFFECTS OF IN OVO INJECTION OF VITAMINS

OBJECTIVE:- To study the importance of vitamins on the chick

weight, body weight and feed conversion ratio in broiler chicken

METHODS:- Fertile eggs = 350 (7 groups)

No. of eggs in each group= 50

Set in forced-draft incubator

METHEDOLOGY
GROUP
I II III IV V VI VII

NUTRIENTS
Vitamin A.=100 IU/egg Vitamin E= 0.5 IU/egg Vitamin C=50 mg/egg Vitamin B1=100 g/egg Vitamin B6=100 g/egg Sham control (Normal saline) Un injected control

NO.OF EGGS
50 50 50 50 50 50 50

RESULTS
NUTRIENTS Vitamin A 100IU/egg Vitamin E 0.5 IU/egg Vitamin C50mg/egg Vitamin B1100g/egg Vitamin B6100g/egg Sham control Un-injected control CHICK WEIGHT(g) 44.63 45.08 44.67 44.34 44.33 45.03 44.24 BODY WEIGHT(g) (28 DAYS) 476.0 534.9 486.4 553.2 465.6 478.5 FCR (15-28 DAYS) 2.30 2.28 2.19 2.28 2.19 2.30

428.3 2.32 Source :- S.K.BHANJA et al. (2010)

EFFECT OF IN OVO INJECTION OF CARBOHYDRATES AND HMB

OBJECTIVE:-

To study the importance of carbohydrate and HMB on the development of Chicken Intestine
19DE HATCH 3 DAY

IN OVO TREATMENT

CHO (25g/L)
VILLUS LENGTH (m) HMB (25g/L) CHO+HMB (25g+1g) CONTROL

139.666.10
190.6415.3 170.7010.4 136.2112.9

300.7441.2
392.5339.6 326.6153.6 249.8629.2

818.7259.5
905.9127.5 686.9056.5 555.2649.7

EFFECT OF IN OVO INJECTION OF CARBOHYDRATE AND HMB

IN OVO TREATMENT CHO (25g/L) 19DE HATCH 3 DAYS

46.783.90

73.422.70

178.42 32.80 175.69 12.60

VILLUS WIDTH (m)

HMB (25g/L)

54.732.90

87.589.50

CHO+HMB (25g+1g/L )
CONTROL

50.262.90

88.696.50

182.87 127.57
128.56 15.60

31.674.10

65.244.40

BODY WEIGHT
IN OVO TREATMENT
CHO (25g) HMB (25g) CHO+HMB (25g+1g) CONTROL

19DE

HATCH

DAY 3

DAY 7

DAY10

46.34 0.44 46.74 0.90 46.88 0.54 45.92 0.88

46.030.76

88.533.74

234.30 0.91 233.90 1.15 234.20 2.35 231.10 1.49

245.10 2.27 251.01 2.4 254.06 4.04 239.70 4.11

46.070.47 46.680.52

84.661.87 86.242.18

44.590.48

84.010.83

Source :- E.Tako et al. (2009)

EFFECT OF IN OVO INJECTION WITH TWO LEVELS OF AMINO ACIDS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF NEWLY HATCHED MUSCOVY DUCKLINGS

OBJECTIVE:-

To study the importance of two levels of amino acid on the performance of Newly Hatched Muscovy Ducklings

METHOD:- Fertile eggs=250 (5 groups) No. of eggs in each group=50 4 groups=in ovo treatments (Lysine and Methionine) 1group =control

METHODOLOGY
GROUP NUTRIENTS NO. OF EGGS

CONTROL

50

II

AMINO ACID (0.50 ml) (Lysine+Metheonine) DISTILLED WATER (0.50 ml)

50

III

50

IV

AMINO ACID (0.75ml) (Lysine+Metheonine)

DISTILLED WATER (0.75 ml)

50

50

EFFECT OF AMINO ACID MIXTURE ON HATCHABILITY AND EMBRYONIC MORTALITY

CRITARIA GROUPS Control Amino acids (0.50 ml) Distilled water (0.50 ml) HATCHABILITY (%) 74 84 72 EMBRYONIC DUCKLING WEIGHT MORTALITY (%) (g/bird) 26 16 28 45.950.27 55.050.40 47.360.40

Amino acids (0.75 ml) Distilled water (0.75ml)

68 72

18 28

52.841.02 49.450.72

Source :- Khalid and Selim (2011)

ADVANTAGES

Improves digestive capacity

( Chen et al,2009 )

Increases growth rate and feed efficiency ( S.K. Bhanja et al., 2011) Reduces post hatch mortality and morbidity ( Foye et al.,2008 )

Improves immune response to enteric agents

(Oliveira,2008)

Reduces incidence of developmental skeletal disorders ( Uni et al., 2010) Increases muscle development and breast muscle yield ( Uni et al., 2009 ) Development of critical tissues of the perinatal chick about 2-3 days ( Ferket et al.,2009 )

Conti..

Improves bone development

( Uni et al., 2009)

Enhances expression of nutrient transporters, SGLT-1, PEPT-1 ( Tako et al., 2010 ) Advances morphometic development of the intestinal tract and mucin barrier ( Smirnov et al., 2009 )

It also enhance the protective

function of enteric mucosa

( Oliveira., 2010)

CONCLUSION

In ovo feeding offers promise of sustaining progress in production efficiency and welfare of commercial poultry Selection for fast growth rate and meat yield may favour the modern broiler to become a more altricial

Proper early nutrition and in ovo feeding may help these birds adopt to carbohydrate based diet and metabolism typical of a precocial bird at hatch
In ovo feeding has established a new science of neonatal nutrition and we are gaining greater understanding of the developmental transition from embryo to viable chicks