Y = A sin k

n
x
n = 1 : = 2L Y
1
= A sin k
1
x
x = 0
x = L
x = 0 x = L
x = 0 x = L
n = 2 : = L Y
2
= A sin k
2
x
n = 3 : = 2L/3 Y
3
= A sin k
3
x
CHAPTER 5
FOURIER SERIES AND FOURIER INTEGRAL
General solution Y = Y
1
+ Y
2
+ Y
3

) x (k sin A Y
3
1 n
n n

=
=
Fourier :
A periodic function F(x) with the period , may be shown as
a superposition of sin kx and cos kx functions ;
cos(nkx)] B ) sin(nkx [A F(x)
n
0 n
n
+ =

=
(nkx)] cos B ) (nkx sin [A B F(x)
n
1 n
n 0
+ + =

=
k = 2t/
(nkx)] cos B ) (nkx sin [A B F(x)
n
1 n
n 0
+ + =

=
}
+
=
x
x
n
1
1
dx cos(nkx) F(x) ) / 2 ( B
}
+
=
x
x
n
1
1
dx sin(nkx) F(x) ) / 2 ( A
x
2
= x
1
+
}
=
2
1
x
x
0
dx F(x) ) / 1 ( B
A periodic function F(t) with the period T, may be shown as
a superposition of sin et and cos et functions ;
e = 2t/T
)] n cos( ) n [sin( F(t)
0 n
t t + =

=
)] (n cos B ) (n sin [A B F(t)
n
1 n
n 0
t t + + =

=
}
+
=
T t
t
n
1
1
dt ) sin(n F(t) ) T / 2 ( A t
}
+
=
T t
t
0
2
1
dt F(t) ) T / 1 ( B
}
+
=
T t
t
n
1
1
dt ) cos(n F(t) ) T / 2 ( B t
x
F(x)
1
-1
0 L 2L
(nkx)] cos B ) (nkx sin [A B F(x)
n
1 n
n 0
+ + =

=
}
=
2L
0
0
dx F(x) ) / 1 ( B
] dx cos(nkx) - dx cos(nkx) )[ / 2 ( dx cos(nkx) F(x) ) / 2 ( B
2L
L
L
0
2L
0
n } } }
+ = =
] dx sin(nkx) - dx sin(nkx) )[ / 2 ( dx sin(nkx) F(x) ) / 2 ( A
2L
L
L
0
2L
0
n } } }
+ = =
= 0
= 4/nt , n = 1, 3, 5,
= 0
... . sin(5kx)
5
4
sin(3kx)
3
4
sin(kx)

4
F(x) + + + =
F(x)
0 L
sin (kx)
sin (3kx)
sin (5kx)
1
1
0
L
F(x)
x
x
Pulse , Wave Packet and Fourier Integral

Consider two harmonic functions that appear at the same place and the
same time :
Y
1
(t) = A cos e
1
t
Y
2
(t)= A cos e
2
t = A cos (e
1
+ Ae)t
The superposition of these two functions can be written as :
Y(t) = Y
1
+ Y
2
= A cos e
1
t + A cos (e
1
+ Ae)t
Y(t) = 2A cos (Ae/2)t cos (e
1
+ Ae/2)t known as modulation


Y(t) = A(t) cos e
av
t ,
A(t) = 2A cos e
m
t
A(t)
2

2 1
av
m
+
=
=
Imagine if there are N harmonic functions with the frequency
between e
1
and e
2
and all of those functions involve in the
superposition (a modulation of many wave functions produce wave
packet or wave group):
Y(t) = Acos e
1
t + Acos (e
1
+ oe)t + Acos (e
1
+ 2oe)t + - - - + Acos e
2
t
Where e
2
= e
1
+ Ae , Ae = (N-1)oe
e
2
= e
1
+ (N-1)oe
Y(t) = A(t) cos e
av
t ,
A(t) = ?
e
av
= (e
1
+ e
2
)/2 = e
1
+ Ae/2

Consider F(t) = e
iet
+ e
i(e+oe)t
+ e
i(e+2oe)t
+ - - - + e
i[e+(N-1)oe)]t

F(t) = e
iet
[ 1 + e
ioet
+ e
i2oet
+ - - - e
i(N-1)oet
] = e
iet
S
a = e
ioet
S = 1 + a + a
2
+ - - - + a
N-1

S = 1 + a + a
2
+ - - - + a
N-1
a S = a + a
2
+ a
3
+ - - - + a
N
e
iNoet
1
(a -1) S = a
N
1 => S = ------------
e
ioet
1
e
(1/2)(iNoet)
[e
(1/2)(iNoet)
e
(-1/2)(iNoet)
]
S = -------------------------------------------
e
(1/2)(ioet)
[e
(1/2)(ioet)
e
(-1/2)(ioet)
]

sin(1/2 Noet)
S = e
(1/2)i(N-1)oet
-----------------
sin(1/2 oet)

sin(1/2 Noet)
S = e
(1/2)iAet
-----------------
sin(1/2 oet)
sin(1/2 Noet) sin(1/2 Noet)
F(t) = e
iet
S = e
i[e+(1/2)Ae]t
----------------- = exp (ie
av
t) -----------------
sin(1/2 oet) sin(1/2 oet)
cos et is the real part of e
iet


therefore cos e
av
t is the real part of exp (ie
av
t)
sin(1/2 Noet)
Y(t) = A(t) cos e
av
t is the real part of F(t) = exp (ie
av
t) -----------------
sin(1/2 oet)

sin(1/2 Noet) sin(1/2 Noet)
Y(t) = cos e
av
t ----------------- A(t) = A -----------------
sin(1/2 oet) sin(1/2 oet)

lets check the equation above when N=2 :

Y
1
= A cos e
1
t, Y
2
= A cos e
2
t , e
2
= e
1
+ oe

Y(t) = Y
1
+ Y
2
= A(t) cos e
av
t
sin x
2x sin
A A(t) =
where x = 1/2 oet
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
A(t) = 2A cos x = 2A cos (1/2 oet) = 2A cos (1/2)(e
2
-e
1
)t
Y(t) = 2A cos [(1/2)(e
2
-e
1
)]t cos e
av
t
small very is when x x, sin x ~
N
A(0)
A N A A(0) = => =
sin(1/2 Noet)
From the equation A(t) = A ----------------- ,
sin(1/2 oet)

it is possible to change A with A(0) that is the value of A(t) when t 0

sin(1/2 Noet)
A(t) = A(0) ------------------
N sin(1/2 oet)
sin(1/2 Noet)
A(t) = A(0) -------------------
N sin(1/2 oet)

When the value of N is taken close to infinity, this means that
oe is close to zero, N oe = (N-1) oe = Ae N = Ae/oe

sin(1/2 Aet)
A(t) = A(0) ------------------
N (1/2 oet)

sin(1/2 Aet)
A(t) = A(0) ---------------
1/2 Aet

t cos A(t) Y(t)
av
=
t
Y(t)

2
t
1
=
A(t)
t
0
-t
1
t
1
( wave packet or wave group )
}

n
n
d t cos t cos
d t cos

A(0)
Y(t)
2
1

}
=
When oe 0 :

=
n
n
t cos

A(0)
Y(t)
Y(t) = A [cos e
1
t + cos (e
1
+oe)t + cos (e
1
+2oe)t - - - + cos e
2
t]
Y(t) = [A(0)/Ae| [oe cos e
1
t + oe cos (e
1
+oe)t + - - - + oe cos e
2
t]

A(0)
N
A(0)
A = =
A(e) = 0
If B(e) = A(0)/Ae for e between e
1
and e
2
,
B(e) = 0 at any other e
Integral Fourier :

Any function F(t) can be expressed as a continuous Fourier
superposition of the general form :

( ) ( ) d t cos B d t sin A F(t)
0 0
} }

+ =
A(e) and B(e) are called Fourier coefficients of F(t)
} }
= =
2
1
2
1

d t cos

A(0)
d t cos

A(0)
F(t)
e
B(e)
0
e
1
e
2

Ae

A(0)
A plot of the Fourier coefficients versus e is called the frequency spectrum
Fourier analysis of Pulses
Y(t)
t
T
1
0
t
0
t
0
+T
1
Y(t) = 0 at early time t
0
(and all earlier times)
Y(t) = 0 at late time (t
0
+T
1
) and all later times)
small be
T
1
large be T Let
1
1
=
}
}
}

+
+
+

=
=
=
=
+ + =
1 0
0
1 0
0
1 0
0
T t
t
1
1
n
T t
t
1
1
n
T t
t
1
0
1 n
1 n 1
1 n
n 0
dt t n sin F(t)
T
2
A
dt t n cos F(t)
T
2
B
dt F(t)
T
1
B
t n cos B t n sin A B F(t)
n = 1, 2, 3, - - -
small very is
large, very is T period the if
T
2

1
1
1
1
=
Periodic function made by repetition of a pulse Y(t) with
the period T
1
F(t)
t
T
1
T
1
Choose B
0
= 0 since we do not need a constant displacement
included in our F(t).
- - - t 1) (n cos B t n cos B - - -
- - - t 1) (n sin A t n sin A - - - F(t)
t n cos B t n sin A F(t)
1 1 n 1 n
1 1 n 1 n
1 n
1 n 1
1 n
n
+ + + +
+ + + + =
+ =
+
+

=

1 1
1 1
n 1 n

n n n
A A , n 1 n , n
= = A = A =
~ ~ +
+
( ) ( ) d t cos B d t sin A F(t)
- - - t cos

B
- - - t sin

A
- - -
- - - t cos B n - - - t sin A n - - - F(t)
0 0
1
n
1
n
n n
} }

+ =
+ + + + =
+ + + + =
( )
( )
1
n
1
n

B
B

A
A
=
=
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
} }
} }
} }
+ +
+ +

= = =
= = =
+ =
1 0
0
1 0
0
1 0
0
1 0
0
T t
t
T t
t 1 1 1
n
T t
t
T t
t 1 1 1
n
0 0
dt t cos t F

1
dt t cos t F
T
2

B
B
dt t sin t F

1
dt t sin t F
T
2

A
A
d t cos B d t sin A F(t)
Y(t) is a non periodic pulse :
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
}
}
} }

=
=
+ =
-
-
0 0
dt t cos t Y

1
B
dt t sin t Y

1
A
d t cos B d t sin A Y(t)
Application : square frequency spectrum
Suppose that : A(e)=0,
B(e)= 1/Ae for e
1
< e < e
2
, e
2
= e
1
+ Ae
B(e) =0 elsewhere.
( ) ( )
( )
2
)t (
cos
2
)t - (
sin
t
2

t sin - t sin
t
1

d t cos

1

d t cos B d t sin A Y(t)
1 2 1 2
2 1

0 0
2
1
+
=
=
=
+ =
}
} }

2

2 1
av
m
+
=
=
t cos
t
t sin
t cos
t
t sin
Y(t)
av
m
m
av
2

= =
t cos A(t) Y(t)
av
=
Y(t)
t