TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT

Technology as a way to gain anourmous amount of information

/ http://www.implementingscrum.com/images/080114-scrumtoon.jpg

Technology - definition
Technology is a concept that deals with an specialized usage of tools, utilities and knowledge. It is a consequence of science and engineering. Technology refers to material objects of use by people, such as machines, hardware, software or utensils. It can also be understood as systems, methods of organisation and techniques. The practical use of applying science for industrial use

The four elements of technology

Technique: machinery, tools, materials, and their application in the work process Knowledge: applied science, skills, intuition Organization: Structuring of the work process according to technological or socioeconomic goals or constraints Product: The output of the work process and the purpose of applying the technology

Drivers of technology
How is the innovation made? Who creates innovation? Stakeholders participants of innovation system Customers and technology changing environment driver of innovations Sponsors of innovation IT standards

Examples of technology categories

Black box technology: A technology which is implemented partly, so that only its application (but not adoption, improvement or development) is mastered by the user, e.g. a word processing system Disembodied technology: Technology which is transferred independent of specific capital equipment, e.g. by journals or training programs Embodied technology: Technology which is transferred together with specific capital equipment, e.g. application of a production machinery Generic technology: Basic engineering knowledge that is not yet proprietary (public domain methodology, e.g. as developed by public research institutions)

Examples of technology categories

High-technology: 'Sophisticated technology based on recent scientific advances'. The element of theoretical knowledge is pronounced, whereas the element of practical experience may be accordingly weak Proprietary technology: Technology directly related to processes and products and not freely available ('in-house technology'), e.g. a patented process, or simply a technology unknown or unavailable to outsiders. Proprietary technology can be traded (like a commodity) Service technology: Technology for production of services (rather than goods)

Definition of Management

Art of carrying out of Business Involves directing , controlling, organizing & steering towards achieving its objectives. Management Technology

It is interdisciplinary field that integrates science, engineering, management knowledge & practice. The focus is on technology as the primary factor in wealth creation. Research, inventions & development are essential components in technology creation & the enhancement of technological progress.

Technology management why its important

It is the Age of technology and knowledge, it must be managed to live with it Only societies and people who gain maturity in technology will have the right in the global discussion To get the best results , technology can be mastered only by managing it efficiently and effectively

How technology affects life

A programmer works in a softwaredevelopment company. One day he didn't come to work. The next day too. His co-workers called his phone, but nobody answerd. They started to worry about him and decided to visit him. But, they found him in the bath, wet and blue because of cold, half-dead, holding an empty bottle from shampoo and reading the label of it. It says: "Apply a small amount to wet hair, massage it through, rinse out thoroughly. Repeat."

THE ITERDISCIPLINARY NATURE OF MOT

Natural science

Social science Engineering MOT

Industrial practice

Business theory

Parameters of Technology Management:

Product Quality Machine Productivity Environment Management Effective use of Raw Material Machine Availability Energy Consumption Life cycle of components Innovative aspects

Effective Technology Management

Strong Planning Reduce Interruptions Reduce Production Rejections Strengthen the Information System Provide Technology Leadership Provide Good Administration Preventive Maintenance

Benefits of Effective Technology Management

Work becomes EASIER JOB SATISFACTION increases PROFITS increase Business Becomes COMPETITIVE

CLASSIFICATION OF TECHNOLOGY a) New Technology: Any newly introduced or implemented technology that has an explicit impact on the way a company produces products or provides services. (ex) CAD/CAM.

b) Emerging Technology: Any technology that is not yet fully commercialized but will become so with in five years. Limited use but emerge significantly. (ex) Genetic Engg,/ Super conductivity/ Internet replacement to PC.
c) High Technology: Refers to advanced or sophisticated technologies. It fits when technology is changing faster or competes technological innovation or has the potential to use technology for rapid growth.

d) Low Technology: Refers to technologies that permeated large segments. Here, technology base is stable or use manual/ semiautomatic operations. (ex) food/ clothing etc.
e) Medium Technology: It comprises of wide set of technologies bet. High & Low technologies. (ex) consumer/ automobile products. It refers to mature technologies that are more amenable than others to technology transfer. d) Appropriate Technology: It refers to indicate good match bet. The technology utilized & the resources required for its optimal use. The technology could be high/medium/low. It does not make sense to use high technology when there is a lack of necessary infrastructure/ skilled personnel.

SPINING OUT TECHNOLOGY

Society Needs

Market Needs

Technology conversion Technology Creation/ acquit ion

Production

Customer
Std. of living, social & environ.issues

Tech. must connect With customer Needs & achieve Societal goals. Tech. the engine Of growth.

Development (definition)
As compared with a change - a process leading from one state of affairs towards a different state of affairs - a development is an intended process leading from an original state towards a desired state - towards a development goal

Actor-network theory
ANT is a approach to social theory and research which originated in the field of science studies. ANT maps relations that are simultaneously material (between things) and 'semiotic' (between concepts). It assumes that many relations are both material and 'semiotic' (e.g. the interactions in a bank involve both people and their ideas, and technologies. Together these form a single network). ANT assumes that all the elements in a network, human and non-human, can and should be described in the same terms. This is called the principle of generalized symmetry. The rationale for this is that differences between them are generated in the network of relations, and should not be presupposed.

Concept of translation
Process, in which innovators attempt to create a forum, a central network in which all the actors agree that the network is worth building and defending. Four moments of translation:
Problematisation Interessement Enrolment Mobilisation of allies

Concept of translation
1. Problematisation
What is the problem that needs to be solved? Who are the relevant actors? Delegates need to be identified that will represent groups of actors. So, a union head represents workers or a Member of Parliament represents his constituency. During problematisation, the primary actor tries to establish itself as an obligatory passage point (OPP) between the other actors and the network, so that it becomes indispensable.

2. Interessement
Getting the actors interested and negotiating the terms of their involvement. The primary actor works to convince the other actors that the roles it has defined them are acceptable.

Concept of translation
3. Enrolment
Actors accept the roles that have been defined for them during interessement

4. Mobilisation of allies
Do the delegate actors in the network adequately represent the masses? If so, enrolment becomes active support.

How technology changes human behaviour?

Restricts some behaviours . It is hard to find out who is good person and who is bad person, because technology makes a decision instead of single person -> Technology makes people immoral

CORE KNOWLEDGE NEEDED FOR MOT Strategic / Long term issues relating technology. Science & technology policy. Process of technological innovations. R&D infrastructure & technological change. Product/process Life Cycle. Technological forecasting& planning. Technological transfer. Technological risk analysis & assessment. Technology & Economic analysis. Technology & human, social & cultural issues. Quality & productivity issues.

TECHNOLOGY & SUSTAINABLE GROWTH

Economic systems

Technological capabilities

Trade

Competitive Enterprises Sustainable economic growth

The integration of the economic system, technological capabilities & trade fosters sustainable economic growth

Roadmapping - Links future to present

Market
M1 M2

Time

Product

P1

P2

P3

Technology

Where are we now?

T1 RD 1 RD 2

R&D programmes

Where do we want to go?

T2 T3 RD 4 RD 3 RD 5

How can we get there?

P4 T4 RD 6

Resources

Capital investment / finance Supply chain Staff / skills

Roadmapping - Planning for the Future

Market
M1 M2

Time

Product
T1

P1

P2

P3 P4

Technology
RD 1

T2 T3 RD 2 RD 3 RD 4 RD 5 T4 RD 6

R&D programmes

Resources

Capital investment / finance Supply chain Staff / skills

Market

Identify future of market sectors A & B and key application Establish contacts with key consumer groups Establish contacts with key stakeholder groups 1, 2 & 3

Business Product

Survey customers for their requirements Communicate strategy (shareholders) Resource planning IT strategy Agree and communicate strategy Identify resource requirements and start recruitment and training Focussed review of informatics & formulation resource needs (people/facilities) Communicate market knowledge Review project portfolio - focus on critical few (matching market / stop doing some things) Generate key technology strategy and timeline Develop knowledge management tools Establish R&D organisation

Technology

Organisation

Clarify roles and relationships S&T/R&D/Advanced Services/Man Tech Develop organisation objectives / vision metrics Succession management Develop and implement skills Design, train and implement culture change

Evolution of technology roadmapping

1970
Strategic planning

1997

Cambridge

1980

1990

2000

Fast-start Generalisation 2010 Customisation

Motorola develops technology roadmapping approach

Co-evolution

Take up in electronics sector, defence and aerospace

Semiconductor Technology Roadmap

Take up in other sectors - companies - consortia - government

Roadmapping approach supports integrated strategic planning

Forecasting

Policy
Science fiction

Foresight
Futures & Scenario planning

Time is a key dimension

Uncertainty / risk of prediction / investment
Short term Medium term
New (?): - Markets - Products - Technologies - Capabilities - Organisational structures - Distribution channels - Competition

Long term

Operations
What to manufacture? How many of each model? What materials to order?

Innovation
Which products? Which markets? What cost?

Strategy
Which technologies?

Time

quantitative focus

qualitative focus

Lucent Technologies technology roadmapping approach

Source: Richard Albright, The Albright Strategy Group, www.albrightstrategy.com

Example: Display technology

www.modilis.com/roadmap.htm

Technology road mapping process

Benefits
Facilitate the integration of new technology into the business Support for company strategy and planning processes Identify new business opportunities for exploiting technology Provide top level information on the technological direction of the business Support communication and co-operation within the business Identify gaps in market and technical knowledge Support sourcing decisions, resource allocation, risk management and exploitation decisions High-level integrated planning and control - a common reference / framework

Roadmapping & other management tools / approaches STEEPI

(Social, Technological, Economic, Environmental, Political, Infrastructural Trends & Drivers)

Porters Five Forces

Foresight Technology Intelligence Scenario

SWOT
(Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats)
Innovation System Structure (taxonomy) Scaleable (hierarchy)

Market Business Product Service System

Technology Resources

Linking grids

Portfolio

Valuation / Balanced scorecard

Standard and customised process

Roadmapping
Standard process Integrated product-technology strategic planning

Planning
Customised process

Roll-out

General strategic planning

Roadmapping success factors

Response (%) 0 Clear business need Desire to develop effective business processes Company culture & politics supported participation / progress Right people / functions were involved Commitment from senior management Required data / information / knowledge available Timing of initiative was appropriate 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Clear and effective process for developing TRM

Effective tools / techniques / methods Effective facilitation / training Other

Roadmap maturity model

Programme management Project management

3
2 Synchronise
Product planning
Measure:

Corporate planning

Forecasting

1 Understand
Simplification Competitive analysis

Persuade
Resource allocation

Portfolio management
Measure:

Measure:

Accuracy and clarity

Aligned priorities & decisions

Ongoing co-ordination

Fast-Start

Roadmapping influence

LONG WAVE CYCLE

Improvement in productivity is virtually important to economic system. It gives relief to inflationary pressures & real improvement to standard of living.

Technology triggers improvement in economic growth. Emerging & New technology spur economic expansion. It is known as the long wave or long economic wave.

Sequence - Long Wave Process

Discoveries in science create base for technological innovation. Radical & basic tech. innovation create new product. These products create new markets & new industries. New industries continue to innovate products & processes, expanding markets As tech. matures, many competitors enter eventually leading to excess production. Now profit decreases leading to business failures.

Now new science & new tech. provide the basis for economic expansion.

WHY MANAGEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY NOW?

The World: Post World War II
The World Today
The Pace of Technological Change

Rate of Technological Change

WHY MANAGEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY NOW?

(Contd.)
The World Today
The Change in Scope

Economies of Scale, Scope, and Integration

Source: Noori (1990). Reprinted by permission of Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.

NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA

Technology, which can manifest in its worst form for humanity is none other than nuclear, if in case it is misused during war or destruction, like bombing Japan during World War II and nuclear accidents, like Fukushima Daiichi in 2011
Japan, which has faced worst of nuclear technology, is today meeting its 30% of energy needs through nuclear power plants Under the visionary leadership of Homi Jehangir Bhabha, Indian Nuclear Programme was initiated in the year 1944

NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA

(Contd.)
Since then, it has made impressive progress in exploiting this technology for peaceful purposes Following the first nuclear test, there was a long 25 years of sanction in many key areas of technology collaboration between India and the rest of the world Many believe that it has helped India in more than one way in making it self-reliant in this critical technology

The Role of Technology in the Creation of Wealth

02

Factors Contributing to Wealth Creation

GROWTH OF TELECOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA

The major positive changes started coming up only after the announcement of National Telecommunication Policy 1994 (NPT 1994), which was further reinforced by New Telecom Policy 1999 (NPT 1999) While tariff in India is one of the lowest in the world, subscriber base is growing tremendously in the recent years

Growth of Indian Telecom Sector

Source: COAI

GROWTH OF TELECOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA (Contd.)

The number of telephone subscribers in India has reached up to 917.33 million by the end of November, 2011 resulting into an overall teledensity of 76.18 (TRAI, 2011) The most important factors that one can notice is the steady growth in rural telephony and its contribution towards overall socio-economic growth of the nation Major changes taking place are in the area of Mobile Value Added Services (MVAS) for sectors such as health, education, governance, infrastructure, banking, commerce, hygiene, sanitation, law and agriculture Convergence of different technologies with mobile as an integrator is bringing a sea change in our lifestyle. Through the 3G auction in India, government has received a commitment of around INR 500,000 million, which will drive other sectors too

THE CREATION OF WEALTH

Capital is best employed for the production of wealth; that each nation should produce the goods in which it has absolute advantage Adam Smith Schumpeter showed that industrial expansion is also the result of economic forces and argued that innovation in competitive capitalism is typically embodied in the foundation of new firms the main lever Attempts to define the different sources of economic growth and quantify their relative contributions have been pursued by many economists, including Abramovitz (1956), Solow (19561957), Dennison (1962, 1967, 1979, 1985), Kuznets (1971), Kendrick (1973), Jorgenson, et al., (1987), and Boskin and Lau (1992)

THE CREATION OF WEALTH

Economic growth is determined by the rate of change in per capita real gross domestic product (inflation-adjusted GDP) Boskin and Lau (1992) indicate that the three principal sources of nations economic growth are enhanced capital, labor, and technical progress (or, equivalently, total factor productivity) The growth rate of physical and human capital, combined with technical progress, accounts for a significant portion of the economic growth of nations Robert Solow argued that technical progress (the change in production techniques) is built into machines and other capital goods and that this must be taken into account when making empirical measurements of the role played by capital

TECHNOLOGY AND NATIONAL ECONOMY

Developed economies are identified with countries that properly use technology for the creation of wealth
Less developed economies are identified with countries lacking the technological know-how necessary to create wealth

Two examples in modern history are Japans and Germanys recent successes in the world markets and their subsequent economic prosperity
It is important here to note that proper management of technology encompasses all levels of technology, from low-tech to super-high technologies

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Evolution by Age of Technology

THE EVOLUTION OF PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Evolution of Production Technology

THE EVOLUTION OF PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY

Important Technological Innovations (Updated From US Dept of Commerce,