Lecture # 04 PI

12/11/12

Subject Department
Topic

: :

RS & GIS CIMR,PU

Interactions between Matter & Electromagnetic radiation

Presented by Rehana Jamal

Wednesday, December 19, 2012

Energy interactions in the atmosphere

Fundamental interactions in the atmosphere

Source of energy

Sun

Absorption Transmission Scattering

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Fig.1

Absorbed
Total atmospheric absorption 17 %

Incoming solar radiation 100%

Scattered/Reflected
Total scattering/reflection 30% (albedo)

14 % By atmospheric components 47% 3% By clouds

5% By dust 25% By clouds

Clouds

Clouds

Clouds

Direct radiation

31%

22%

Diffuse radiation

Earths surface
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Energy interactions in the atmosphere & on the land

Fig.3

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Efficient absorbers of solar radiation in the atmosphere

Ozone(O3) Water vapour(H2O) Carbondioxide(CO2)

Electromagnetic spectrum between 0-22um is useless for remote sensing Only Wavelength regions out side the main absorption bands of the atmospheric gases are useful for remote & these regions are called atmospheric transmission windows

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Atmospheric transmission windows

Fig.5

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Fig.6

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Atmospheric transmission windows

include: A window in the visible & reflected infrared region(0.4-2um) Three windows in the thermal infrared region (Two narrow windows around 3 & 5um & Third relatively broad window from 8 to 14 um)

Wavelength

Near IR

Thermal IR

Radar

Far IR

Frequency(Hz)

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM Fig.4

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AM

Atmospheric Scattering
Amount of scattering depends on following factors: wavelength of the radiation the amount of particles & gases radiation distance

Types of scattering
Rayleigh scattering (Particle size < wavelength) Mie scattering
( Particle size = wavelength) (Particle size > wavelength)

Non-selective scattering

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Energy interactions with the Earths surface

In remote sensing applications, Land & Water have different surface characteristics

Energy interactions: When electro-magnetic energy is incident on any given earth surface feature, three fundamental energy interactions with the features are possible:1.Reflection , 2.Absorption , 3.Transmission

Fig.7

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Two types of Reflection

Specular reflection (mirror like reflection from smooth surface) Diffuse reflection (reflection from rough surface)

Fig.8

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Fig.9

Fig.10
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Irradiance & radiance

Sun

Energy reaching the surface is called irradiance.

Earths surface

Energy reflected by the surface is called radiance

Earths surface

The density of radiation incident on a given surface usually expressed in watts per square centimeter or square meter.
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Spectral reflectance of vegetation, soil & water

Vegetation: 50% , Soil : 30-40% , Water: 10%

Wednesday, Fig.Spectral Reflectance Curves December 19,

2012

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Spectral reflectance of vegetation, soil & water

Vegetation:

The reflectance characteristics of vegetation depends upon the properties of leaves(orientation & structure of the leaf canopy)

The proportion of the radiation reflected in the different parts of the spectrum depends upon:

leaf pigmentation leaf thickness & composition(cell structure) amount of water in the leaf tissues
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Leaf Cross-Section

Fig.13

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Reflection: reflected light is what we know as color; i.e. chlorophyll in plants reflects green light

Fig.11

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Different reflection in Vegetation:

Fig.12

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Normal Color

False Color (CIR)

Fig.14a

Fig.14b
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Soil
Main factors influencing the reflectance of soil are:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. soil colour moisture content presence of carbonates Particle size distribution Organic matter content iron oxide content

7.
8.

Soil structure
Soil mineralogy
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SMC

Fig 15: Variation in the spectral reflectance characteristics of soil according to moisture content. Wednesday, December 19,
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Fig 16: Variation in the spectral reflectance characteristics Wednesday, December 19, to particle size of soil according
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Fig 17: Variation in the spectral reflectance characteristics of Wednesday, December 19, soil texture. soil according to
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Water
Compared to vegetation & soils, water has the low reflectance.

Spectral Characteristics of Water

There are three types of possible reflectance from a water body a) Surface (specular) reflectance b) Bottom reflectance c) Volume reflectance

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Fig 18: Spectral reflectance characteristics of deep, clear water.

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Fig.19 Variation in the spectral reflectance characteristics of turbid water according to the content of suspended solids
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Fig 20: Spectral reflectance characteristics of clouds and snow. Snow shows variation in spectral reflectance according to the size of crystals.
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In short, percentage of Spectral reflectance of vegetation, soil & water is :

Vegetation: Soil : Water:

50% 30-40% 10%

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References:
Principles of Remote sensing by Lucas L.E Janssen

Remote sensing and image interpretation by Thomas M.Lillesand

University Practical Geography by M. Iftikhar Akram Ch. http://www.answers.com/topic/specular/-reflection

http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/mod3.html http://hosting.soonet.ca/eliris/remotesensing/bl130lec3.html http://www.cps-amu.org/sf/notes/m1r-1-8.htm

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