Nervous System- Divisions

Central Nervous System (CNS) - brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) nerves extending to extremities Autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates bodys automatic or involuntary functions

Nervous System: Cells

Neurons: Structure Cell Body Dendrites Axon myelin Schwann cells myelinated fibers nodes of ranvier -

Nervous System: Cells

Neurons - 3 Types Sensory neurons Motor neurons Interneurons Glia - connective tissue cells of the CNS Astrocytes - star shape (attach to blood vessels) Microglia - consume microbes Oligodendroglia - produce myelin sheath

Nervous System: Tissue Disorders

Multiple sclerosis: myelin disorder
Tumors: neuroma Multiple neurofibromatosis: inherited fibrous neuromas

Nervous System: Nerves

Nerve - bundle of peripheral axons Tract - bundle of central axons White matter - myelinated axons Gray matter - unmyelinated axons Nerve coverings - fibrous connective tissue Endoneurium- surrounds single fiber Perineurium- surrounds group of fibers Epineurium- surrounds entire nerve

Nervous System: Reflex Arcs

Reflex Arc - Nerve impulses traveling to and from the brain. Receptors - beginning of dendrites Ganglion - nerve cell bodies in PNS Synapse - space between axon and dendrite Reflex - response to impulse over a reflex arc See pg. 205

Nervous System: Nerve Impulses

wave of electrical disturbance that travels along the surface of a neurons plasma membrane impulse created by an imbalance of sodium ions on the inside and outside of the plasma membrane saltatory conduction - fast impulse on myelinated plasma membrane

Nervous System: Synapse

Synapse- impulse passed from one neuron to the next Neurotransmitters - chemical compounds released from axon terminals into a synaptic cleft (pg. 208) acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, catecholamines, endorphins, enkephalins

Nervous System: Parkinsons Disease

chronic nervous disorder resulting from a deficiency of dopamine

Central Nervous System

Divisions of the Brain: Brain Stem Medulla Oblongata Pons Midbrain Cerebellum Diencephalon Hypothalamus Thalamus Cerebrum

CNS: Brain Stem

medulla oblongata - enlarged upper section of the spinal cord pons - above medulla oblongata midbrain- rests between the pons, thalamus, and cerebellum all three contain well mixed white and gray matter function: two-way conduction paths

CNS: Diencephalon
lies between the brain stem and cerebrum Hypothalamus - consists mainly of the posterior pituitary gland, pituitary stalk, and gray matter Functions: Center for controlling ANS, controls hormone secretion, and controls appetite, wakefulness, and pleasure

CNS: Diencephalon cont...

Thalamus: dumb-bell shaped mass in each cerebral hemisphere Relays sensory impulses to cerebral cortex Produces the emotions of pleasantness and unpleasantness associated with sensations

CNS: Cerebellum
Lies below occipital lobe Outer layer - gray matter Inside - White matter Functions - Produce smooth coordinated movements Maintain equilibrium Sustain normal postures

CNS: Cerebrum
Largest part of brain Outer layer - gray matter (cerebral cortex) Interior of brain - white matter (tracts) two lobes Functions - mental processes of all types (sensations, consciousness, memory, and voluntary control of movements)

Peripheral Nervous System

Cranial Nerves (12 Pair) Spinal nerves Peripheral nerve disorders Neuritis Trigeminal neuralgia Bells palsy Shingles

Autonomic Nervous System

Regulates the bodys automatic or involuntary movements (main job is to restore homeostasis) Sympathetic Vs. Parasympathetic Autonomic Neurotransmitters Disorders of ANS Stress induced disease Neuroblastoma