Motor

ELECTRICAL ENERGY

Mechanical Energy

Index
Classification
Laws of electromagnetism Rotating Magnetic Field

AC Motor
Induction Motor Synchronous Motor

Maintenance Practices

Laws of Electromagnetism
Faradays Law
Lenzs Law Flemings Right Hand rule Flemings Left Hand rule Interaction of two magnetic

fields

Faradays Law of Electromagnetic Induction

When the magnetic flux through a circuit is changing an induced EMF is setup in that circuit and its magnitude is proportional to the rate of change of flux

Simulation

Lenzs Law
The direction of an induced EMF is such that its effect tends to oppose the change producing it
Simulation

Flemings Right Hand rule

Used to measure the

direction of induced current in a conductor when cut by a magnetic field.

Flemings Left Hand rule

Used to measure the

direction of motion of a current carrying conductor when placed in magnetic field.

Interaction of two magnetic fields

Field

Current

Motion

Production of Three Phase Rotating Magnetic Field

RMF may be set up in two-phase or three-phase machines. The number of pole pairs must be the same as the number of phases in the applied voltage. The poles are displaced from each other by an angle equal to the phase angle between the

individual phases of the applied voltage.

+ When Current positive and going into When Current negative and coming from

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Speed of RMF
The magnetic field established rotates at a speed given by N = 60* f / P where f = frequency of stator current P = Number of pair of poles

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A machine which converts AC electrical energy into Mechanical energy

Induction Motor Introduction

Construction

Principle of Induction Motor

Slip Starting Current Torque Torque Speed characteristics Two Phase Induction Motor Single phase Induction Motor Summary Uses in Aircraft
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Induction Motor-Intro.
The induction motor is the most commonly used type

of ac motor. It is simple, low cost and rugged in construction.

The induction motor derives its name from the fact

that ac voltages are induced in the rotor circuit by the rotating magnetic field of the stator.

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Stator

Wound Rotor

Start Resistance

AC Machine Stator

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Squirrel Cage Rotor

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Principle of Induction Motor

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Slip in Induction Motor

slip speed = synchronous speed - rotor speed measured in RPM
Slip = (synchronous speed - rotor speed ) /synchronous speed

expressed as a percentage

The greater the slip speed, the greater is the force on each conductor and the torque exerted by the whole.

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Starting Current
The starting current is very high which may damage

the stator winding.

To reduce this heavy starting current, star-delta starting switch is used. For starting, the stator winding are connected up in star via the switch to the supply so that the phase

voltage is 1/3 of the normal voltage. This reduced voltage limits the starting current.

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phase voltage is 1/3 of the normal voltage

phase voltage is equal to the line voltage.

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Torque- Starting
The resistance of the squirrel cage rotor

is small and inductance high. Thus on starting rotor current and the rotor emf are nearly 90 degrees out of phase. The lagging rotor current interacts little with stator current and therefore the starting torque is poor.

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Torque- Running
As the rotor current come into phase with the rotor

emf with increased rotor speed (decreased slip and inductive reactance) the rotor and the stator flux comes more into phase and the torque increases.

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Methods Of Improving Starting Torque

In creasing the resistance of the rotor conductors
Using a combination of high and low resistance

conductors Using a wire wound rotor connected to variable resistor

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Wire Wound Rotor Connected To Resistor

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Torque Speed Characteristic

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Two Phase Induction Motor

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Two Phase RMF

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Single Phase Pulsating Field

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Single Phase Induction Motor

The single phase induction motor produces a

pulsating field.
However, if the rotor is rotated forward at a bit

less than the synchronous speed, It will develop some torque.

If the rotor is started in the reverse direction, it

will develop a same torque in other direction

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Split Phase Induction Motor

Two phases are produced by

splitting a single phase. A capacitor is inserted in one of the windings and is called a permanent-split capacitor motor. The direction of the motor is easily reversed by switching the capacitor in series with the other winding.
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Summary
The three phase induction motor Is very robust in construction No need for slip rings and therefore less maintenance. Has a high starting current reduced by star-delta switch. Has a poor starting torque. Runs at a speed less than synchronous speed.

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 Direction of rotation can be reversed by interchanging any two stator phases. Is of two types depending on motor construction: Squirrel Cage or Slip Ring

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Uses in Aircraft
1. Constant speed with varying loads and require

smoother torque e.g. fuel booster pumps, hydraulic systems Electric Motor Driven pumps. 2. Systems which need high torque and reversing e.g. Flap Power units (for alternate flap drives), Stabilizer Trim Actuator. 3. Two phase induction motors also used in aircraft such as aileron trim actuators and in reversible valve actuators in Fuel, hydraulic, oil, and pneumatic systems etc.

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Synchronous Motor
Synchronous Motor-Intro Synchronous Motor-principle Changing the Load Starting Torque Improvement of starting torque Synchronous Machine Construction V curves Torque versus Speed Summary

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Synchronous Motor- Intro

The synchronous motor rotates at the synchronous speed i.e. the speed of the RMF.
Stator is similar in construction to that of an induction motor, so same principle is applied to the synchronous motor rotor. Field excitation is provided on the rotor by either permanent or electromagnets with number of poles equal to the poles of the RMF caused by stator
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Synchronous Motor-Principle
The rotor acting as a bar magnet will turn to line up with the rotating magnet field. The rotor gets locked to the RMF and rotates unlike induction motor at synchronous speed under all load condition

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Changing The Load

An increase in the load will cause the rotor to lag the stator field but still maintain synchronous speed. Increase in load has increased the torque component, but the field strength has decreased due to the increase in length of the air gap between the rotor and the stator.
If the synchronous motor is overloaded it pulls out of synchronism and comes to rest. The minimum amount of torque which causes this is called the pull out torque.

Lightly loaded motor

Heavily loaded motor

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Starting Torque
It cannot be started from a standstill by applying ac to the stator. When ac is applied to the stator a high speed RMF appears around the stator. This RMF rushes past the rotor poles so quickly that the rotor is unable to get started. It is attracted first in one direction and then in the other and hence no starting torque.

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Improvement of starting torque

It is started by using a squirrel cage within a rotor

construction and therefore starts as an induction motor. At synchronous speed the squirrel cage has no part to play.

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Synchronous Machine Construction

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V curves

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Torque versus Speed

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Summary
The synchronous motor: 1. requires to be started by an external prime mover. 2. Runs only at synchronous speed, this is an advantage where continuous speed is required but a disadvantage where a variable speed is required. 3. Can be used to adjust the power factor of a system at the same time it is driving a mechanical load.

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Maintenance Practices-A.C. Motors

Clean, but dont forget to inspect before and after cleaning Check electrical connections for security, the insulation to be in satisfactory condition. Examine for signs of over heating Check that the motor is secure Do an audible check Ensure that the motor is not over heating when operating, a rule of thumb is that if it is too hot for the hand, it is too high. When replacing a motor always ensure that the load, valve has not seized. Also ensure that the motor operates in the correct direction

End of Motors
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