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Overview
Limitations of current Internet Protocol (IP) IPv6 addressing IPv4/IPv6 Transition IPv6 features
Autoconfiguration IPSec QoS
Internet Growth
Internet Growth
Growing Pains
Depletion of IP address ( between 2005 and 2001 ) Explosion of Routing Tables ( routing table explosion will condemn the internet even sooner than the exhaustion of network addresses )
IPv4 Addresses
Example: 203.64.105.100
=1100 1011:0100 0000:0110 1001:0110 0100 (32 bits) = CB:40:69:64
Maximum = 232 = 4 Billion Class A Network: 15 Million nodes Class B Network: 64,000 nodes or less Class C Network: 250 nodes or less
Address Size
H Ratio = log10(number of objects)/available bits 2n objects with n bits: H Ratio = log102 = 0.30103 French telephone moved from 8 to 9 digits at 107 households => H = 0.26 (assuming 3.3 bits/digit) US telephone expanded area codes with 108 subscribers => H = 0.24 SITA expanded 7-character address at 64k nodes => H = 0.14 (assuming 5 bits/char)
IPv6 motivation
The enormous growth of Internet. The Address space is running out in IPv4 (32 bits). Routing tables are exploding. The lack of security at the network layer Device Control Smart Homes High Performance Networks IP Based Cellular Systems Connect everything over IP Several years of networking with TCP/IP had brought lessons and knowledge Lack of Mobility support New Applications such as Real Time Multimedia. Networked Entertainment your TV will be an Internet host More Scalable Solution is needed
IPv6 Standardization
Internet Draft
Yes
IPv4 Header
20 Octets+Options : 13 fields, include 3 flag bits
Revised 0 bits Ver 4 IHL 8 16 Service Type Flags
Renamed Suppressed
31
Identifier
Time to Live
Protocol
Header Checksum
IPv6 Header
40 Octets, 8 fields
New Version Class Flow Label Next Header Hop Limit
Payload Length
Major Simplifications
Assign a fixed format to all headers (40 bytes) Remove the header checksum Remove the hop-by-hop segmentation procedure Built-in security
IPv6 Address
128 bits long. Fixed size 2128 = 3.41038 addresses => 6.651023 addresses per m2 of earth surface If assigned at the rate of 106/s, it would take 20 years Expected to support 81017 to 21033 addresses 81017 => 1,564 address per m2 Allows multiple interfaces per host Allows multiple addresses per interface
Dot-Decimal : 203.64.105.100
Can leave the last 32 bits in dot-decimal,
:: 203.64.105.100
Hierachy
3+5+16+16+8+32=80 The remaining 48 bits define the particular system on the subnetwork.
Global
Site-Local
Link-Local
Local-Use Address
Link Local: Not forwarded outside the link, 10 54 64 FE80::xxx
1111 1110 10 0
bits Interface ID
bits Interface ID
Multicast Address
8bits
1111 1111
4bits
Flags 0 0 0 T
4bits
Scope
112bits
Group ID
T=0 => Permanent (well-known) multicast address, T=1 => Transient Scope: 1 Node-local, 2 Link-local, 5 Site-local, 8 Organization-local, E Global, F Reserved Predefined: 1 => All nodes, 2 => Routers,
Workstation uses an anycast address to ask for help from any router.
Destination address : 5A01: 203 : 405 :607 : 809 : 0 : 0 : 0 Subnetwork Prefix : 5A01: 203 : 405 :607 : 809 :: /80
Address Prefixes
Can specify a prefix by /length
TCP Header
Routing Header Fragment Header TCP Header Next Header= Next Header= Fragment TCP
Routing Header
Next Header Reserved Routing Type Num. Address Next Address
Address 2
Address n
..
Address Autoconfiguration
Allow plug and play BOOTP and DHCP are used in IPv4 DHCPng will be used with IPv6 Two Methods: Stateless and Stateful Stateless:
A system uses link-local address as source and multicasts to "All routers on this link" Router replies and provides all the needed prefix info All prefixes have a associated lifetime System can use link-local address permanently if no router
Automatic Renumbering
Renumbering IPv6 Hosts is easy
Add a new Prefix to the Router Reduce the Lifetime of the old prefix As nodes depreciate the old prefix the new Prefix will start to be used for new connections
Transition Mechanism
Dual Stack : Providing complete support for both IPv4 and IPv6 in hosts and routers.
APPLICATION
TCP/UDP
IPv4
IPv6
DRIVER
IPv6 host
IPv4 host Dual IP host This allows indefinite co-existence of IPv4 and IPv6, and gradual, app-by-app upgrades to IPv6 usage
IPv6 packet
IPv6 packet
Dest. :: 0102:0304
Dest. 1.2.3.4
Dest. :: 0102:0304
Dest. 1.2.3.4
QoS
Class Field
Diff Serv Code Point will be used Can be used for distinguish between different traffic classes
Flow label
Identifies streams that needs special handling Used by RSVP today Not fully defined yet Could be used for a deterministic hashkey to classify on L2L7 -> Would make it easier to implement in Hardware
IPv6 Security
Two headers in IPv6 that provides security - AH, ESP AH - Authentication Header
Provides source authentication Integrity
Note: IPSec is exactly the same for IPv4 and IPv6 only that it was Taylor-made for IPv6. Advantages with IPsec
Network level security Transparent to End-user Open Standard
Mobile IPv6
IPv6 Mobility is based on core features of IPv6
The base IPv6 was designed to support Mobility Mobility is not an Add-on features
All IPv6 Networks are IPv6-Mobile Ready All IPv6 nodes are IPv6-Mobile Ready All IPv6 LANs / Subnets are IPv6 Mobile Ready
IPv6 Neighbor Discovery and Address Autoconfiguration allow hosts to operate in any location without any special support
mn.ndhu.tw
for mn.ndhu.tw
ndhu.tw INTERNET
mit.us
Improved Performance
Faster processing time per IPv6 packet
Align on 64 bits boundary Fewer Optional Headers (from 12 to 8) Removed checksum
Summary
Streamlined Header Format Flow Label 128-bit Network Addresses Elimination of Header Checksum Fragmentation only by source Host Extension Headers Built-in-security