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CHAPTER 8
Land animals have to carry all their weight. For example, the elephant has strong legs and a heavy skeletal structure to carry its body. Aquatic animals do not have to carry all their weight. The buoyancy of water lifts some of their weight.
cockles
mussels
jellyfish
slug
Sea slug
Sea anemone
nematode
Non-woody plant
Woody plant
Woody plant
Woody plant
Supported by woody tissues in the stem. Woody stems have an outer layer of material called bark, which provides support. Examples: rose plant and angsana trees
Non-woody plants
Herbaceous stem are soft. Non-woody plants are supported by cell turgidity. The fluid in the plant cells supports the stem of these plants. Examples: Peppers & tomato plants.
Non-woody plants
1 hour later
What makes the wilted plant becomes fresh and firm after being put into a beaker filled with water?
Cell turgidity in the stem makes it fresh and firm.
To climb trees and get support by clinging onto other plants or objects. Eg: rattan palms, roses and bougainvilleas.
Rattan palm
Climb on other plants by twining their stems. Eg: blue pea plant, morning glory .
Blue pea plant
These roots enable a plant to climb by growing around and clasping its support Eg: money plant, orchid & pepper plants.
Buttress roots are common in large tropical trees. These roots grow from the stems above the ground. Function: To provide additional support to the stem Eg: meranti, angsana
Tendrils are non- woody, flexible, leaveless stem which twine easily around any support they come into contact with. Tendrils are thigmotropic, which means that they are sensitive to touch. Example: cucumber, gourd, pumpkin, garden pea
Gourd
The roots grow above the ground to provide support and to help the tree breathe. Eg: mangrove trees.
AQUATIC PLANTS
Aquatic plants also have adapted parts that support them in water.
AIR-FILLED ROOTS
AQUATIC PLANTS
Aquatic plants also have adapted parts that support them in water.
SWOLLEN LEAVES FILLED WITH AIR
The trapped air in the swollen leaf stalks of the plant help it to float on the water surface. Eg: Duckweed, water hyacinth
Swollen leaves
Hyacinth
AQUATIC PLANTS
TRAPPED AIR IN THE LEAVES & STEMS
Help the plants to float in water. Their roots grow at the bottom of the pond but their leaves float on the water surface. Eg: lotus & water lily.
AQUATIC PLANTS
AQUATIC PLANTS THAT ARE SUBMERGED COMPLETELY IN WATER
Can stay upright due to water buoyancy. Soft, light and non-woody stem. Has small leaves and soft roots. Stem & leaves have a lot of air spaces. Eg: Hydrilla, elodea and water weed.
Elodea
These are outgrowth of the epidermis tissue used for climbing. Prickles are entirely new organ so, they break off easily. Eg: Rose