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architecture
MUHAMMAD FAREEZ BIN SHOHAIMI 03DSB10F2028
Earliest one
Build In 1120
Largest one
Bamberg Cathedral
Introduction
This art appeared during the Middle Age It is the first style that can be found all
over Europe, even when regional differences The expansion of the style was linked to the pilgrimages, mainly to Santiago.
the Christian world, with the development of the cities, commerce and industry St. Andrew's Church
Expansion
The factors of the expansion of
Romanesque arte were:
Development of feudal system, that demanded works (castles) The expansion of religious orders (Benedictines), expanded the monasteries The pilgrimage routes The crusades
St. Sernin's
Characteristics
massive solidity and strength
The First Romanesque employed rubble walls,
smaller windows and unvaulted roofs
Romanesque, along with increased use of the vault and dressed stone.
walls
massive thickness with few and
comparatively small openings
San Vittore alle Chiuse, Genga, Italy, of undressed stone, has a typically fortresslike appearance.
Piers
support arches ; at the intersection of two
large arches ; cruciform in shape masonry and square or rectangular in section horizontal moulding vertical shafts, horizontal mouldings at the level of base highly complex form --half-segments of large hollow-core column --a clustered group of smaller shafts
Columns
Salvaged columns Drum columns Hollow core columns Capitals Alternation
Drum columns
In most parts of Europe, Romanesque columns
were massive, as they supported thick upper walls with small windows, and sometimes heavy vaults. The most common method of construction was to build them out of stone cylinders called drums.
Santiago de Compostela has large columns constructed of drums, with attached shafts.
Durham Cathedral, England, has decorated masonry columns and the earlist pointed high ribs.
Capitals
round at the bottom it sits on a circular column and square at the top it supports the wall or arch cutting a rectangular cube taking the four lower corners off at an angle so that the block was square at the top octagonal at the bottom manuscripts illustrations of Biblical scenes and depictions of beasts and monsters, others are lively scenes of the
legends of local saints.
Paired columns like those at Duratn, near Seplveda, Spain, are a feature of Romanesque cloisters in Spain, Italy and southern France. The Corinthian order as used for the portico of the Pantheon, Rome provided a prominent model for Renaissance and later architects, through the medium of engravings.
Festive Corinthian capitals on the richlyappointed General Post Office, New York (McKim, Mead, and White, 1913)
Alternation
the alternation of piers
and columns. The most simple form that this takes is to have a column between each adjoining pier Sometimes the columns are in multiples of two or three
Vaults
Barrel vault Groin vault Ribbed vault Pointed arched vault
Barrel vault
a tunnel vault or a wagon vault, The simplest type of vaulted roof is the barrel
vault in which a single arched surface extends from wall to wall, the length of the space to be vaulted, the barrel vault generally required the support of solid walls, or walls in which the windows were very small.
Nave of Lisbon Cathedral with a barrel vaulted soffit. Note the absence of clerestory windows, all of the light being provided by the Rose window at one end of the vault.
Bayeux Cathedral, the crypt has groin vaults and simplified Corinthian capitals.
smaller vaults square in plan and is constructed of two barrel vaults intersecting at right angles Groin vaults are frequently separated by transverse arched ribs of low profile
are there ribs spanning the vaulted area transversely, but each vaulted bay has diagonal ribs.
are the structural members, and the spaces between them can be filled with lighter, non-structural material.
Rib vault
semi-circular, the structural and design problem inherent in the ribbed vault is that the diagonal span is larger and therefore higher than the transverse span
One was to have the centre point where the diagonal ribs met as the highest point, with the infil of all the surfaces sloping upwards towards it, in a domical manner.
to stilt the transverse ribs, or depress the diagonal ribs so that the centreline of the vault was horizontal,
At Saint-Etienne, Caen, both the nave and the tower are covered by ribbed vaults. c.1080.
horizontal and transverse ribs, causing the transverse ribs to meet at a point