Romanesque

architecture
MUHAMMAD FAREEZ BIN SHOHAIMI 03DSB10F2028

Angoulme Cathedral ,France

Earliest one
Build In 1120

The Sainte-Foy abbey-church

Largest one

Speyer Cathedral , German

Bamberg Cathedral

Introduction

the Abbey of St. Gall

This art appeared during the Middle Age It is the first style that can be found all
over Europe, even when regional differences The expansion of the style was linked to the pilgrimages, mainly to Santiago.

 Romanesque art developed thanks to a

series of causes:
The end of Barbarian invasions The decomposition of Cordobas caliphate The establishment of peace in

the Christian world, with the development of the cities, commerce and industry St. Andrew's Church

Expansion
The factors of the expansion of
Romanesque arte were:
Development of feudal system, that demanded works (castles) The expansion of religious orders (Benedictines), expanded the monasteries The pilgrimage routes The crusades

St. Sernin's

Characteristics
massive solidity and strength
The First Romanesque employed rubble walls,
smaller windows and unvaulted roofs

A greater refinement marks the Second

Romanesque, along with increased use of the vault and dressed stone.

 Walls Piers Columns Vaults

walls
massive thickness with few and
comparatively small openings

double shells, filled with rubble

The building material

brick
-- Italy, Poland, much of Germany and parts of the Netherland

limestone, granite and flint

-- other areas

the building stone

--small and irregular pieces, bedded in thick mortar

SantAmbrogio, Milan is constructed of bricks

San Vittore alle Chiuse, Genga, Italy, of undressed stone, has a typically fortresslike appearance.

Piers
support arches ; at the intersection of two
large arches ; cruciform in shape masonry and square or rectangular in section horizontal moulding vertical shafts, horizontal mouldings at the level of base highly complex form --half-segments of large hollow-core column --a clustered group of smaller shafts

Columns

Salvaged columns Drum columns Hollow core columns Capitals Alternation

 In Italy, during this period, a great number of antique

Roman columns were salvaged and reused in the interiors and on the porticos of churches.

The most durable of these columns are of marble and

have the stone horizontally bedded. The majority are vertically bedded and are sometimes of a variety of colours.

They may have retained their original Roman capitals,

generally of the Corinthian or Roman Composite style

Salvaged columns were also used to a lesser extent in

France.

Drum columns
In most parts of Europe, Romanesque columns
were massive, as they supported thick upper walls with small windows, and sometimes heavy vaults. The most common method of construction was to build them out of stone cylinders called drums.

Santiago de Compostela has large columns constructed of drums, with attached shafts.

Hollow core columns

they were constructed of ashlar masonry the hollow core was filled with rubble These huge untapered columns are sometimes
ornamented with incised decorations.

Durham Cathedral, England, has decorated masonry columns and the earlist pointed high ribs.

Capitals

round at the bottom it sits on a circular column and square at the top it supports the wall or arch cutting a rectangular cube taking the four lower corners off at an angle so that the block was square at the top octagonal at the bottom manuscripts illustrations of Biblical scenes and depictions of beasts and monsters, others are lively scenes of the
legends of local saints.

Paired columns like those at Duratn, near Seplveda, Spain, are a feature of Romanesque cloisters in Spain, Italy and southern France. The Corinthian order as used for the portico of the Pantheon, Rome provided a prominent model for Renaissance and later architects, through the medium of engravings.

Festive Corinthian capitals on the richlyappointed General Post Office, New York (McKim, Mead, and White, 1913)

Alternation
the alternation of piers
and columns. The most simple form that this takes is to have a column between each adjoining pier Sometimes the columns are in multiples of two or three

St. Michael's, Hildesheim has alternating piers and columns.

Vaults
Barrel vault Groin vault Ribbed vault Pointed arched vault

Barrel vault
a tunnel vault or a wagon vault, The simplest type of vaulted roof is the barrel

vault in which a single arched surface extends from wall to wall, the length of the space to be vaulted, the barrel vault generally required the support of solid walls, or walls in which the windows were very small.

Nave of Lisbon Cathedral with a barrel vaulted soffit. Note the absence of clerestory windows, all of the light being provided by the Rose window at one end of the vault.

The Cloisters, New York City

 for the less visible and

Bayeux Cathedral, the crypt has groin vaults and simplified Corinthian capitals.

smaller vaults square in plan and is constructed of two barrel vaults intersecting at right angles Groin vaults are frequently separated by transverse arched ribs of low profile

 In ribbed vaults, not only

are there ribs spanning the vaulted area transversely, but each vaulted bay has diagonal ribs.

In a ribbed vault, the ribs

are the structural members, and the spaces between them can be filled with lighter, non-structural material.

Rib vault

 Because Romanesque arches are nearly always

semi-circular, the structural and design problem inherent in the ribbed vault is that the diagonal span is larger and therefore higher than the transverse span

One was to have the centre point where the diagonal ribs met as the highest point, with the infil of all the surfaces sloping upwards towards it, in a domical manner.

San Michele Maggiore, Pavia, Italy. View of the interior.

 Another solution was

to stilt the transverse ribs, or depress the diagonal ribs so that the centreline of the vault was horizontal,

Cathedral of Reims, France

At Saint-Etienne, Caen, both the nave and the tower are covered by ribbed vaults. c.1080.

Pointed arched vault

Late in the Romanesque period another
solution came into use for regulating the height of diagonal and transverse ribs

use arches of the same diameter for both

horizontal and transverse ribs, causing the transverse ribs to meet at a point

Pointed barrel vault showing direction of lateral forces.

Interior of Durham Cathedral