The variation of emf of

synchronous machines under

fault conditions
Hani Obeid
Applied Sciences University
Amman 11195, JORDAN
Hobeid50@yahoo.com
Short circuit programs & algorithms
Power frequency component of short circuit current
(symmetrical).

Usually, Initial short circuit current
Most popular models of synchronous machines
Emf behind an impedance
For salient pole machine Difficulties
How to consider magnetic asymmetry
Salient pole machine without amortisseur
windings
behind
'
d
X
'
E
Salient pole machine with amortisseur
Windings

Q
E Behind
q
X
This paper presents

A method for the calculation the variation of
Emf of synchronous machine under fault
Condition.
The method is based upon

Parks Equations
rd q aq aq
rq q d ad ad
rd srq aq aq rq rq
rq srd ad ad rd rd
q sr ad ad r r
E i X
E E i X
E X X X
E X X X
E X X X
= +
+ + = +
+ = +
+ + = +
+ + = +
) 1 (
For sustained short circuit and accurate
Values of short circuit currents as a function
Of time
Electromechanical transient processes
Combine

Short circuit algorithms
Electromechanical transient processes
If we consider the equivalent principle
Of emf, as per the following equation

) 2 (
1

=
=
=
n i
i
i i eq eq
Y E Y E
The sub-transient equivalent emf in both
Axis can be calculated by the following
Equations:
) 3 (
1 1 1
1 1
"
ad srd sr
rd
ad
rd
srd
r
ad
r
sr
q
X X X
X
X
X X
X
X
E
+ +
+ + +
=
) 4 (
1 1
1
"
rq
aq srq
rq
aq
rq
srq
d
X X
X
X
X
E + =
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=
Where:
) 5 (
" " "
d q
jE E E + =

The armature equations of synchronous

In both axis are:
) 7 (
) 6 (
" "
" "
d q q d
q d d q
V I X E
V I X E
= +
= +
Some mathematical manipulations:
Multiply Eq. (7) by j & subtract from
Eq.(6), we obtain:
) 8 (
" " " "
q q d d d q d q
I jX I X jV V jE E + + = +
Now, adding & subtracting from the right
Part of Eq.(8) or
q d
I jX
"
d q
I jX
"
( ) ) 9 (
" " " "
q d q qd d dq qd
I X X j I jX V E + + =

( ) ) 10 (
" " " "
d q d qd q qd qd
I X X I jX V E + =

Now, add Eqs.(9) & (10) and divide by 2:
) 11 (

" "
qd qd qd qd
I X j I jX V E + =

Or ( ) ) 12 ( "

"
qd qd qd qd
I jX V I X j E

+ = +
If we consider the active resistance
Of the armature circuit Eq. (12) will be:
( ) ) 13 (

"
qd qd qd qd
I Z j V I X j E

+ = +
Where:
2
" "
" q d
X X
X
+
=
2
" "
q d
X X
X

=
If
" "
d q
X X =
0 = X
Then,
And Eq. (13) will take the following form:
) 14 (
"
qd qd qd
I Z j V E

+ =
Magnetic asymmetry (saliency)
Thus, magnetic asymmetry of synchronous
Machines may be considered as adding a
Correction member
qd
I X j

In the armature equation.

The current source of machine is:
"
i E i
E Y J
i

=
If we consider Eq. (13) , current source
Will be:
( ) ( ) 14

"
i
E qd qd qdi
Y I X j E J

+ =
From which the nodal voltages are calculated
( ) 15
1
J Y V


=
Knowing q & d components of synchronous machines
Currents and initial values of flux linkages
And we can calculate and from
Eqs. (1), as follows:
rd r
+ + ,
rq
+
rq q
E E ,
rd
E
rd
ad
r
d
rd
ad
ad rd ad r r
q
X
X
X
I
X
X
X X X
E
2
2
1

|
.
|

\
|
+ +
=
q
rd
ad
d
rd
ad
rd rq
E
X
X
I
X
X
E + =
2
rq q
rq
aq
rd
I
X
X
E + =
2
Afterthat, we can Integrate the following
Set of differential equations:
( )
q r r s
r
E E
dt
d
=
+
e
rq rd s
rd
E
dt
d
e =
+
rd rq s
rq
E
dt
d
e =
+
Where:
rq
rq
rq
rd
rd
rd
r
r
r
X
r
X
r
X
r
= = = , ,
As a result of integration, we obtain
new values of and
, ,
rd r
+ +
rq
+
Substitute these values in Eqs. (3) and (4)
We will get new values for and
"
q
E
"
d
E
Result of integration
Thus, we can obtain the variation of
Subtransient emf of synchronous
Machine by time.

The variation of positive-sequence
Component of short circuit current
With time was, also, obtained under
Unsymmetrical conditions.
CONCLUSION
1.The proposed method allows to consider
The magnetic asymmetry of synchronous
Machine by adding an additional member
In the armature equations.

2. In this case, the machine is represented
By factitious emf behind complex impedance.
3. The calculation of magnetic asymmetry
Required successive approximation, which
Has good convergence.


4. The calculation of emf variation by time
Can be obtained by integrating the field
Equations.