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PRESENTED BY SAYANTAN JANA B.E (ELECTRICAL ENGG.

CONTENT:

1.BASIC PRINCIPLE OF ESP 2.HVTR(HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER) 3.ELECTRONIC REGULATOR 4.RAPPING MOTORS 5.INSULATORS 6.MAINTENANCE DURING SHUTDOWN

What is an ESP???
An

electrostatic precipitator (ESP), or electrostatic air cleaner is a particulate collection device that removes particles from a flowing gas (such as air) using the force of an induced electrostatic charge.

Electrostatic precipitators are highly efficient filtration devices that minimally impede the flow

of gases through the device, and can easily remove fine particulate matter such as dust and smoke from the air stream.

Principle behind ESP


Precipitators function by electro statically charging the dust particles in the gas stream. The charged particles are then attracted to and deposited on plates or other collection devices. When enough dust has accumulated, the collectors are shaken to

dislodge the dust, causing it to fall with the force of gravity to hoppers below. The dust is then removed by a conveyor system for disposal or recycling.

Electron Molecule Particle

Q: How can we generate charges?

Corona Discharge
Negative Corona

Step 1
+ + + + -

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4 Electrode

Collection Plate

Six activities typically take place:


Ionization - Charging of particles Migration - Transporting the charged particles to the collecting

surfaces

Collection - Precipitation of the charged particles onto the

collecting surfaces collecting surfaces

Charge Dissipation - Neutralizing the charged particles on the


Particle Dislodging - Removing the particles from the collecting

surface to the hopper


disposal point

Particle Removal - Conveying the particles from the hopper to a

Most Basic-The Plate Precipitator


The most basic precipitator contains a

row of thin wires, and followed by a stack of large flat metal plates, with the plates typically spaced about 1 cm apart.

If the applied voltage is high enough an

electric discharge ionizes the air around the electrodes. Negative ions flow to the plates and charge the gas-flow particles.
negative electric field created by the power supply, move to the grounded plates.

The ionized particles, following the

Components
The major precipitator components that accomplish these activities are as follows
Discharge Electrodes

Collecting plates
Power Supply and controls Rapping Systems

Hoppers and Dust Handling

Discharge Electrodes - Discharge electrodes emit charging

current and provide voltage that generates an electrical field between the discharge electrodes and the collecting plates
Power supply and controls - The power supply system is

designed to provide voltage to the electrical field (or bus section) at the highest possible level.
Rapping Systems - Rappers are time-controlled systems

provided for removing dust from the collecting plates and the discharge electrodes
Hoppers and Dust Handling - Precipitator hoppers are

designed to completely discharge dust load on demand.

HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER

The HVTR unit consists of : Primary voltage:415 V ,AC voltage full wave rectified bridge Tank filled with insulating oil Limiting linear reactor connected in series with primary winding (to limit the short circuit current during sparking inside ESP to a safe value) HF chock connected to ve terminal of rectifier (to protect the transformer from surges) A high voltage feedback element mounted on transformer tank HVTR is fitted with following accessories: Bucoltz relay Oil temperature indicator A high voltage DC(-ve)bushing with provision of bus duct connection Conservator with oil level indicator

ELECTRONIC CONTROLLER:
The electronic controller unit feeding regulated i/p to HVTR is a micro processed based controller . Objective: The automatic voltage control system operate so as to maintain constant current from transformer under dynamic conditions of ESP load The controller controls the precipitator power by changing the firing angle of thyristors connected to primary of transformer. Salient features of controller: Spark regulation: Digital detection and control philosophy of flashover enabling sensing of pits, sparks and arcs by comparing samples of KV signals in a half wave. Energy saving feature based on 'VI' characteristics Charge ratio (pulsed operation) with a higher range up to 1:255 for improving precipitation and/or for energy saving depending upon the type of process, dust resistivity etc.

Fault indications:

Under voltage(o/p KV) Over voltage(o/p KV) Ac current high(i/p) Overload Single SCR firing SCR Temp high TX oil temp high alarm TX oil temp high trip TOP float Bottom float

Heating elements: Mineral filled tubular type heating elements are provided on outside hopper walls. The heating elements are suitable for 415v, 50HZ supply Grouped to form delta using field mounted junction boxes. The configuration of heating element differ to suit the requirement of shaft insulator, support insulators And hopper heaters.

GEARED MOTOR S FOR RAPPING MECHANISM:


Each collecting &emitting system is provided with one geared motor unit coupled to rapper shaft & located outside casing The geared motor consists of Helical reduction gear with an integral DOL start squirrel cage induction motor as prime mover.

INSULATORS: 1. Each section consists of four support insulators for supporting the emitting system. These insulators are located inside individual housing mounted on the roof of ESP. 2. Shaft insulator is provide to isolate each geared motor assembly from associated emitting rapping shaft 3. One bushing insulator is provide corresponding to each field and is mounted in the insulator bushing. 4. The insulators are of high quality porcelain designed to with stand the operating temp & voltage.

Cause of poor performance: The performance of ESP is evaluated by voltage & current readings . The voltage current level of ESP may be low because of: High ash deposit on emitting/collecting electrodes Poor alignment of emitting/ collecting electrode s

Heavy sparking caused by high resistivity dust.

ELECTRICAL MAINTANCE ON LONG OVERHAULING OF UNIT: 1.Shutdown of MCC of ESP: Isolate the power Earth switches made on All manhole are to be earthed. 2. Maintenance of HVTR: The external body cleaned by rubbing the deposits of dust All bus ducts are to be cleaned The silica gel are to be replaced or regenerated if it is blue The level of conservator is to be marked & If it is less then 40% the fresh filtered transformer oil to be poured BDV testing of oil sample is to be done .( if it is less than 30KV the oils of transformer needs filtration) The DGA ( dissolved gas analysis) test of oil is carried out t check the healthiness of transformer 3. Maintenance of HOPPER HEATERS 4. Maintenance of INSULATORS

CONCLUSION:

ESP is one of the equipments, which has very few moving rotating parts and hence needs minimum maintenance. Still proper maintenance & regular monitoring will improve the performance of ESP.

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