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Portland State University Solar Engineering Spring 2008 Carolyn Roos, Ph.D.
Washington State University Extension Energy
OUTLINE
A review of six concentrating solar technologies and current projects. Basics of ray tracing. Sketch of a thermal analysis example
Concentrate solar energy through use of mirrors or lenses. Concentration factor (number of suns) may be greater than 10,000. Systems may be small:
e.g. solar cooker
.... or large:
MWe planned)
CSP can scale up fast without critical bottleneck materials. (e.g. silicon)
Costs will come down with increase in capacity expected to fall below natural gas in the next few years. In the very near future, the CSP market in the SW US can grow to 1 to 2 GW per year.
From: http://www.nrel.gov/csp/troughnet/pdfs/2007/morse_look_us_csp_market.pdf
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Thermal Needs:
Hot Water and Steam (Industrial & Commercial Uses) Air Conditioning Absorption Chillers Desalination of seawater by evaporation Waste incineration
Solar Chemistry
Manufacture of metals and semiconductors Hydrogen production (e.g. water splitting)
new
FRESNEL REFLECTOR
LENS CONCENTRATORS
PARABOLIC TROUGH
PARABOLIC DISH
SOLAR FURNACE
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CENTRAL RECEIVER
Parabolic Troughs
Most proven solar concentrating technology The nine Southern California Edison plants (354 MW total) constructed in the 1980s are still in operation
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Heat transfer fluid such as oil or water is circulated through pipe loop. (250oF to 550oF)
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Thermal Storage
Uses high heat capacity fluids as heat transfer storage mediums 12 to 17 hours of storage will allow plants to have up to 60% to 70% capacity factors.
From: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pdfs/csp_prospectus_112807.pdf
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Heat transfer tubes that are less prone to sagging & breaking. Improved surface material of heat transfer tubes. High absorptivity, low emissivity and long-term
stability in air.
Improved Components
Flex hoses used to join sections of pipe loop were prone to failure Replaced with ball joint
design.
Improved Processes
e.g. Generate steam directly instead of running 16 heat transfer fluid through heat exchanger -
First Solar Thermal Parabolic Trough Power Plant Built in The U.S. In Nearly Two Decades to Be Dedicated On Earth Day (2005)
Saguaro Solar Generating Station (north of Tucson) 1MW - Compared to 395MW in natural gas fired generating capacity at same site Broke ground March 24, 2004 and started generating power December 2005 Built by Solargenix, subsidiary of ACCIONA Energy of Spain Arizona has goal of 15% renewable energy by 2025. $6 Million Project
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http://www.solargenix.com/building_products.cfm http://www.us.schott.com/solarthermal/english/in dex.html http://www.us.schott.com/solarthermal/english/pr oducts/receiver/details.html http://www.inderscience.com/search/index.php?m ainAction=search&action=record&rec_id=674 5 http://www.sete.gr/files/Ebook/2006/Hospitality_D ay_Lokurlu.pdf http://www.eere.energy.gov/troughnet/pdfs/lewan dowski_vshot.pdf http://www.capitalsungroup.com/files/rmt.pdf 24
Preview
Sketch of thermal analysis and design for parabolic trough system at the end of this presentation.
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Stationary absorber
No fluid couplings required Mirrors do not support the receiver
plant under construction in Portugal (as of September 2007) Ausra and PG&E announce purchasing agreement for 117 MW facility located in central California (November 2007)
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Parabolic Dishes
- Plataforma Solar de Almeria DISTAL I and II - Dish with receiver for Stirling Engine
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Potential to become one of least expensive sources of renewable energy. (still true with development of Fresnel reflectors?)
Advantage: Flexibility
Modular - May be deployed individually for remote applications or grouped together for small-grid (village power) systems.
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Stirling Engines
Stirling engines are simple, have high efficiency (25% for industrial heat), operate quietly, have low O&M costs (~$0.006/kWh) Waste heat can easily be recovered by the engine, as well as from the engine According to one manufacturer: $1000-2000/kW
installed But They have higher costs for materials and assembly, are larger for same torque, have longer start up time (needs to warm up)
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http://www.stirling.dk/default.asp?ID=1 21
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Infinia Corp
http://www.infiniacorp.com/applicatio s/Prod_Spec.pdf
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Infinia: http://www.infiniacorp.com
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From: www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pdfs/csp_prospectus_112807.pdf
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Southern California Edison will construct 500 MW solar generating station on 4500 acres:
Approved by CPUC in Dec 2005 Using SES dishes
First phase: 20,000-dish array to be constructed over four years Option to expand to 850 MW.
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44 From: http://www.energysolutionscenter.org/distgen/AppGuide/DataFiles/STMBrochure.pdf
Small Scale & Low Tech Parabolic Dish with Solar Cookers
Using parabolic dish concentrators on a smaller scale...
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Solar Furnaces
Centre National de Recherche Scientifique - Odeillo, France 46 Largest solar furnace in the world (1 MWt)
A field of heliostats tracks the sun and focuses energy on to a stationary parabolic concentrator which refocuses energy to the receiver.
Cleaner Processes e.g. Electric arc furnaces use carbon electrodes which often contaminate product. Energy Sustainability Use of renewable energy for industrial processes.
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Mirror is 10 stories high and forms one side of the laboratory Maximum temperature is 3800oC
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The Furnace
Inside the focal zone of the 1 MW mirror at Odeillo.
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Receiver Example
Vaporization experiment with 2kW furnace at Odeillo.
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Solar One
Located near Barstow, California Operated from 1982 to1986
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Solar One
Moonrise over the Solar One Heliostat Field
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Solar Two
Solar Two improved the thermal storage of Solar One
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Notice the heliostat field and the central tower reflected in this heliostat.
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500 kW now installed in Arizona (APS) Concentrating sunlight 250x to 500x reduces cell cost
http://www.cc.state.az.us/utility/electric/EPS-USPAPS.pdf
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Lens Concentrators
In this example, energy is concentrated on to PV cells with lenses (but lens systems dont necessarily have PV cells.) 40% efficiency for CPV achieved.
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http://tomkonrad.wordpress.com/2006/12/07/they-do-it-with-mirrors-concentrating-solar-power/
Environmental Impacts
Deserts have sensitive ecosystems and low water availability.
Land Use
The heliostat field occupies a large area of land, shading areas where the ecosystem is accustomed to full sun.
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Water Use
Wet cooling towers used in power generation have high water consumption.
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Ray Tracing
Geometrical Optics:
Law of Reflection and Refraction are the only physical laws required for geometrical optics. The rest is geometry How rays of light are reflected off surfaces or refracted through materials.
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Reflection
Law of Reflection
The incident ray and reflected ray lie in a plane containing the incident normal, and this normal bisects the angle between the two rays.
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n1 sin 1 n2 sin 2
n is index of refraction of the
material
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Reemission is not really a single normal ray as shown, Normal is center of distribution of reemitted rays. 70
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Analysis
Rays Enter CPC at Extreme Perfect CPC: Angle A Compound Parabolic
Concentrator focuses rays onto an absorber without tracking.
Conical approximation:
Some rays are reflected back out without striking the absorber. Select cone so rejection of rays is acceptable.
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Rays from primary concentrator focus on a pipe imperfectly. Design secondary mirror so many of the rays that miss the front will reflect back to the pipe. Select rays that represent the error of the primary concentrator.
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http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/34169.pdf
From: Heat Transfer Analysis and Modeling of a Parabolic Trough Solar Receiver Implemented in Engineering Equation Solver, R. Forristall, NREL, October 2003, http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/34169.pdf
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Design
In your thermal analysis, you may be interested in considering: Length and cross-section of trough Diameters of pipe and evacuated tube Velocity of heat transfer fluid Optical properties of the pipe, glass and trough Weather data: Temperature, Insolation, Wind Temperatures of surfaces and heat transfer fluid. Energy absorbed by heat transfer fluid Vary geometry, velocity and materials to meet your design criteria cost effectively.
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Thermal Analysis
You may also want to include other losses such as heat loss through support brackets.
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http://thefraserdomain.typepad.com/energy/solartherma l_/index.html
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FRESNEL REFLECTOR
LENS CONCENTRATORS
The End
PARABOLIC TROUGH
PARABOLIC DISH
SOLAR FURNACE
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CENTRAL RECEIVER