Professional Documents
Culture Documents
60
INTEGRATED
NUTRIENT
MANAGEMENT IN
CORIANDER, CUMIN
AND FENNEL
59
INTRODUCTION
Definition of spices
Spices are natural plant or vegetable products or mixtures
thereof, used in whole or ground form, mainly for imparting
flavour, aroma and pungency to food.
58
Classification of spices
Major spices
Seed spices
Tree spices
Herbal spices
Other spices
India is land of spices.
109 spices - ISO.
India- 63 spices.
India -17 seed spices ,12 - commercial scale.
57
56
Seed spices
Group of annuals , where dried fruit seeds are used as spices.
Classification of seed spices
Major seed spices- coriander, cumin, fennel, fenugreek etc
Minor seed spices- ajwan, anise, celery, dill, opium poppy etc.
55
Kumar
ganj
Dholi
NRC
AICRP SAU
Jagudan
Gun
tur
Coimbato
re
54
Table 1:CROP-WISE AREA, PRODUCTION AND
PRODUCTIVITY OF MAJOR
SPICE CROPS IN INDIA DURING 2007-08 AND 2008-09
Spice crops
Chillies
Garlic
Turmeric
Ginger
Coriander
Tamarind
Cumin
Fenugreek
Fennel
Pepper
Ajwan
Cardamom
Nutmeg
Other seed spices
Tejpat
Cinnamon
Clove
Others(2)
Total
AREA
808.17
206.12
174.51
104.36
384.21
55.04
429.38
55.20
54.29
197.33
19.29
81.93
15.26
17.71
2.45
0.87
2.25
9.01
2617
2007-08
PRODUCTION
1294.15
1068.50
794.19
390.08
229.95
182.08
172.47
55.48
67.78
47.01
11.12
13.65
11.37
10.71
5.29
1.67
1.01
0.23
4356.71
PDY.
1601
5184
4551
3738
598
3308
402
1005
1248
238
576
167
745
605
2160
1918
446
26
2008-09
AREA PRODUCTION
779.05 1269.85
166.21 831.10
181.09 821.16
108.64 380.10
396.85 242.13
54.63
177.68
429.38 172.47
68.29
76.58
47.16
64.29
238.71 47.40
19.59
16.41
91.99
15.45
15.27
11.37
17.71
10.71
2.44
4.98
0.88
1.67
2.57
1.33
9.01
0.23
2629.44 4144.91
PDY.
1630
5000
4535
3499
610
3252
402
1121
1363
199
838
168
745
605
2044
1901
516
26
NHB, 2009
53
NHB, 2009
NHB, 2009
52
2007-08
51
2008-09
AREA
PRODUCTION
PDY.
AREA
PRODUCTION PDY.
Coriander
384.21
229.95
598
396.85
242.13
610
Cumin
429.38
172.47
402
429.38
172.47
402
Fenugreek
55.20
55.48
1005
68.29
76.58
1121
Fennel
54.29
67.78
1248
47.16
64.29
1363
Ajwan
Other seed spices
19.29
17.71
11.12
10.71
576
605
19.59
17.71
16.41
10.71
838
605
Total
960.08
547.51
4434
978.98
582.59
4939
NHB, 2009
50
Area
Production
Productivity
(000 HA)
(000 MT)
(MT/HA)
2006-07
2448
3953
1.6
2007-08
2617
4357
1.7
2008-09
2629
4145
1.6
NHB, 2009
49
Area (ha)
Production
(T)
Pdy. (T/ha)
Value (Lakhs)
Pepper
18857
6236
0.33
10097
Cardamom
20631
1747
0.08
4072
Tamarind
15880
81814
5.15
17785
Ginger
29092
273253
9.39
38076
Turmeric
15320
93817
6.12
16314
Garlic
6758
34407
5.09
9394
Dry chillies
123378
141927
1.15
51017
Coriander
8124
6129
0.75
1874
Fenugreek
626
28.39
4.54
1854
10
Cumin seed
11
Clove
122
174
1.43
427
12
Nutmeg
147
213
1.45
115
13
Cinnamom
37
0.19
1012
14
Vanilla
2518
994
0.39
4245
15
Fennel
12
2.00
16
Dill
329
1793
4.61
181
17
Paprika
10
10
1.00
164
18
1047
4620
4.41
1962
242942
649780
2.67
158591
Total
48
Area (ha)
Production
(T)
Productivity
(T/ha)
Value (Lakhs)
Coriander
8124
6129
0.75
1874
Fenugreek
626
28.39
4.54
1854
Fennel
12
2.00
Dill
329
1793
4.61
181
Total
9085
7962.39
11.9
3911
Commodity
% Achievement
% Change
47
Quantity Value
Rate Quantity Value Rate Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value
(tonnes) (Rs. (Rs./kg) (tonnes) (Rs. (Rs./k (tonnes) (Rs. (tonnes) (Rs. (tonnes) (Rs.
Lakhs)
Lakhs) g)
Lakhs)
Lakhs)
Lakhs)
1,64,215 169,080
38
38
- 14
-10
435,000 450,000
Coriander
12,745
8,306
65.17
16,750
8,480
50.63
62
52
31
27,000
16,200
Cumin
18,860
18,704
99.17
15,950
17,421 102.22
55
83
-15
-7
29,000
20,880
Fenugreek
7,160
2,422
33.83
7,250
2,326
32.09
69
63
-4
10,500
3,675
Fennel
2,675
1,415
52.93
2,900
2,145
73.99
58
86
52
5,000
2,500
Celery
955
580
60.83
1,650
911
55.23
47
47
73
57
3,500
1,925
Other
9,270
3,299
35.59
9,500
3,375
35.53
119
121
8,000
2,800
(Anon., 2009)
46
45
Need of INM
To upgrade the efficiency of plant nutrient
supply.
To improve the physico-chemical properties
of the soil.
To regulate escalating cost of chemical
fertilizers.
To maintain good soil health and
sustainable productivity.
To avoid the disadvantages of individual
application of fertilizers.
To promote the bio-diversity and cultural
bio-system on the farm.
Subramanian, 2001
44
Advantages of INM
Reduces the use of chemical fertilizers.
Saving of non-renewable natural resources.
Creates positive nutrient balance in soil.
Reduced leaching of nitrates to ground water.
Maintains soil fertility and soil health.
Increased crop productivity.
Maximizes the nutrient use efficiency.
Subramanian, 2001
43
COMPONENTS OF INM
Dose of nutrients
Sources of nutrients
Organic
Components of
INM
Time of application
Inorganic
Bio-fertilizer
Method of application
42
41
Bio- fertilizers
Rhizobium
Azotobactor
Azospirrillum
Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria-Bacillus polymyxa,
Aspergillus niger
Vesicular Arbauscular Mycorrhizae (VAM)
Thomas, 2003
40
Classification of Bio-fertilizer
Bio- fertilizers
N fixing organism
symbiotic
Rhizobium
Asymbiotic
Azotobactor
P solubilizing
organism
Solubilizer
Absorber
Aspergillus niger,
Bacillus sp.
Mycorrhizae
Thomas, 2003
39
CASE STUDIES
Coriand
Coriandrum sativum L.
er
(Dhania), Apiaceae
Origin: Southern Europe and North
Africa to Southwestern Asia
Chromosome no. 2n = 22.
Used as spice: fresh green-Flavourant in
chutneys and soups , seeds- condiments,
bakery products, candy, preserves, liquors
(NIIR, 2008)
Medicinal uses : flatulence, diuretic,
stimulant, carminative.
38
Crop Requirement :
A tropical crop
Cool and comparatively dry frost-free climate, particularly at the
time of flowering and seed formation stages
Frost following the flowering stage reduces production
drastically
High temperature and high wind velocity during anthesis and
seed formation enhances sterility and reduces yield
Cloudy weather at the time of flowering increases the number of
aphids and disease
Loamy to moderately heavy soils & also grown in black cotton or
heavy soil.
37
State
Area
(000 ha)
Prod.
2006-07
Yield
Area
Prod.
Yield
(Kg/ha)
Andhra Pradesh
28.00
13. 00
464
25.00
10.00
400
Bihar
2.30
1.70
739
2.30
1.70
739
Chhatisgarh
3.90
1.10
282
3.70
1.00
270
Haryana
1.70
2.90
1706
2.20
2.60
1182
Karantaka
9.20
1.40
152
6.00
1.00
167
Madhya Pradesh
112.80
42.00
372
108.40
43.60
402
Meghalaya
0.05
0.30
5940
0.10
0.27
2740
Orissa
19.10
9.00
471
19.10
9.00
471
Rajasthan
136.70
142.40
1042
131.10
155.10
1183
Tamil Nadu
21.10
6.40
303
17.40
5.70
328
Uttar Pradesh
5.50
3.20
582
5.50
3.20
582
Total
340.35
223.40
656
320.80
233.17
727
36
35
Effect of Organic and Inorganic Manures on Growth, Flowering and Seed Yield
of Coriander
Bodamwad et al ,2009
Treatments
100% RDF
(60:30:20kg/ha)
100% vermicompost
46.45
5.12
13.58
42.78
40.11
46.73
4.70
13.40
42.86
41.18
100% FYM
50%RDF+50%vermico
mpost
50%RDF+50%FYM
45.29
49.88
4.30
6.44
12.86
15.37
43.72
39.01
41.32
37.73
48.16
5.96
14.27
39.98
38.65
50%RDF+25%vermico
mpost+25%FYM
47.55
5.50
14.06
41.04
39.39
Control(without any
fertilizer)
S.E.(m)
C.D.at 5%
45.00
3.90
10.36
44.70
42.66
0.89
2.75
0,24
0.76
0.56
1.72
0.87
2.69
0.61
1.89
2
3
4
5
34
Vegetative parameters
Plant height
Primary
Secondary
(cm)
branches
branches
-1
plant
plant-1
Flowering parameters
Days to 50 %
No. of days
flowering
required for
seed set to
harvesting
Bodamwad et al ,2009
Table 9: Effect of organic and inorganic manures on seed yield and germination % of coriander
Cv. Pant Haritma
S.N
Treatments
100% RDF
(60:30:20kg/ha)
20.17
12.13
17.51
4.47
3.78
386
5.86
10.76
54.03
100% vermicompost
19.58
10.28
16.89
4.31
3.65
373
5.65
10.40
53.46
100% FYM
19.16
9.96
16.50
4.21
3.56
364
5.51
10.60
52.16
50%RDF+50%vermico 22.52
mpost
15.63
19.99
5.10
4.31
439
6.65
11.79
57.22
21.09
13.00
18.96
4.84
4.09
418
6.34
11.46
55.21
50%RDF+25%vermico 20.54
mpost+25%FYM
12.67
19.25
4.91
4.16
425
6.23
11.10
54.16
4
5
6
7
33
50%RDF+50%FYM
Yield parameters
Fresh
Dry Umbels Umbella Number of Number of
Seed
weight weight /plant
te
seed
seed/plant yield/plant
Of plant Of plant
/plant /umbellate
(g)
(g)
(g)
Quality parameter
Test
Germination
weight(g)
%
Control(without any
fertilizer)
18.48
8.96
13.87
3.54
3.00
307
4.64
9.74
51.24
S.E.(m)
C.D.at 5%
0.66
2.06
1.07
3.31
0.98
3.04
0.25
0.77
0.21
0.65
21.64
66.61
0.29
0.92
0.29
0.91
0.56
1.75
Bodamwad et al ,2009
32
Selvarajan and
Chezhiyan, 2003
31
TREATMENT DETAILS
Table 10 : Influence of Azospirillium and graded doses of nitrogen on growth and yield of
coriander.
Treatment
T0
Plant
No. of
No. of
No. of
No. of
Yield/plot Estimated
height(cm primary secondary umbels umbellets
(g/m2)
yield
)
branches branches per plant
per
(kg/ha)
umbels
53.90
8.00
15.40
33.10
6.20
325.00
650.00
T1
42.70
8.33
12.67
33.47
5.23
158.00
316.00
T2
40.70
6.73
11.80
27.27
5.97
165.50
333.33
T3
44.47
8.73
13.87
35.73
4.90
283.00
566.67
T4
49.50
9.00
14.00
36.20
5.10
241.50
483.30
T5
49.33
8.20
13.80
30.87
5.20
250.00
500.00
T6
52.03
7.87
13.73
32.47
5.13
250.00
500.00
T7
55.50
8.20
13.87
32.73
5.07
241.50
483.23
SEd
NS
NS
NS
NS
0.3843
NS
NS
CD
(P=O.O5%
)
0.8240
29
Prabu et al , 2002
28
TREATMENT DETAIL:
T0 Unfertilized control
T1 Recommended dose of fertilizers(RDF)
@90:80:50 NPK kg/ha
T2 25% RDF + FYM(10t/ha)
T3 25% RDF +Azospirillum+PSB
T4 25% RDF +Azospirillum+ VAM
T5 25% RDF + Azotobacter + PSB
T6 25% RDF +Azotobacter +VAM
T7 - 25% RDF +FYM+ Azospirillum+PSB
T8 - 25% RDF +FYM+ Azospirillum+VAM
T9 - 25% RDF +FYM+ Azotobacter + PSB
T10- 25% RDF +FYM+ Azotobacter + VAM
27
Table 11: Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of coriander
Treatment
details
Plant
height at
Harvest
(cm)
No. of leaves
at harvest
No. of
Root length Shoot:root
Branches
at
Length ratio
At harvest Harvest (cm)
(cm)
Leaf
weight(g)
Shoot
weight(g)
Dry
weight(g)
Yield/plot(g)
1.51.5 m2
T0
13.85
8.27
1.78
6.87
1.78
7.47
9.87
1.63
225.00
T1
16.10
10.60
2.70
9.25
1.75
10.35
13.30
2.60
280.40
T2
17.53
11.53
3.13
8.50
2.06
12.73
17.83
3.50
410.00
T3
15.50
9.67
2.40
7.20
2.18
8.63
11.20
2.10
236.67
T4
17.15
10.50
2.70
8.80
1.94
14.90
19.20
3.33
240.83
T5
14.90
8.90
2.30
7.90
2.16
9.10
11.75
2.53
238.20
T6
16.36
9.30
2.10
7.85
2.08
9.00
11.50
2.00
260.00
T7
20.50
11.33
2.67
8.53
2.42
16.60
21.63
3.63
633.33
T8
19.50
10.80
2.90
8.28
2.37
12.75
17.10
2.63
419.73
T9
20.54
12.50
3.00
8.01
2.55
11.95
16.95
2.97
427.67
T10
20.97
10.47
2.53
7.72
2.71
10.13
15.00
2.80
431.67
S.Em
CD (P=0.05)
1.14
3.36
0.790
2.32
0.264
NS
0.429
1.26
0.149
0.439
1.61
4.76
2.09
6.17
0.355
1.04
57.69
169.93
Prabu et al , 2002
26
Effect of Azospirillum sp. Nitrogen and farmyard manure on growth and yield
components of coriander
Malhotra et al,
2006
Table 12 : Effect of Azospirillum sp. Nitrogen and farmyard manure on growth and
yield components of coriander (mean pooled data of two years)
Treatment
Plant
No. of
Days to Days to No. of
No. of
No. of 1000 yield Stemgall
height primary
50%
seed umbels umbellets / seeds / seed q/ha
disease
(cm) branches flowering maturity /plant umbels umbel weight
intensity (%)
/plant
Absolute control
FYM 5 t ha-1
FYM 10 t ha-1
100 % N (N1)
58.6
72.5
73.0
78.0
5.0
5.2
5.2
5.3
81
79
79
80
148
145
146
143
22.2
28.4
30.6
32.8
4.8
5.0
5.0
5.0
18.3
26.3
28.4
32.6
11.5
12.2
12.3
12.0
6.4
7.2
7.8
8.4
18.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
75% N (N2)
78.0
5.2
80
144
34.6
5.0
33.2
12.2
8.3
16.0
50% N (N3)
76.0
5.5
79
144
32.4
5.1
30.2
11.8
8.2
16.0
Azospirillum sp.
Azospirillum sp +
FYM 5 t ha-1
Azospirillum sp +
FYM 10 t ha-1
Azospirillum sp+ N1
+ FYM 5 t ha-1
Azospirillum sp+
N2+ FYM 5 t ha-1
64.0
77.5
5.2
5.5
78
78
143
142
30.2
32.2
5.2
5.2
32.4
34.4
11.4
12.0
7.2
8.8
8.0
8.0
79.6
5.4
77
141
36.2
5.0
36.2
12.1
9.2
8.0
82.8
7.1
76
140
39.4
5.0
43.2
12.8
10.8
7.0
80.2
6.2
78
140
38.2
5.0
40.2
12.5
10.2
8.0
6.2
80
142
36.2
5.1
36.4
12.4
9.7
8.0
0.9
NS
NS
6.4
NS
11.4
0.4
1.8
3.5
CD(P=0.05)
25
12.4
RDF N-
Malhotra et al,
24
Chikkapeddanna, 2001
TREATMENT
DETAILS
T1- Rec. NPK
(60:37.5:37.5)kg/ha
T2-80% N + 80%P + 100%K
T3- 60%N + 60%P + 100%K
T4-Azotobactor+80%N +100%PK
T5-Azospirillum+ 80%N +100% PK
T6- PSB +80% P+100%NK
T7-VAM+80%P+100%NK
T8- Azotobactor+VAM+80%NP+100%K
T9- Azospirillum+VAM+80%NP+100%K
T10- Azotobactor+PSB+80%NP+100%K
T11- Azospirillum+PSB+80%NP+100%K
T12- Azotobactor+Azospirollum+80%N +100%PK
T13-VAM+PSB+80%P+100%NK
T14- Azotobactor+Azospirollum+PSB+VAM+80%NP
+100%K
T15- Azotobactor+Azospirollum+PSB+VAM +100%K
T16- Azotobactor+Azospirollum+60%N +100%PK
T17- PSB +VAM+60% P+100%NK
T18- Azotobactor+Azospirollum+PSB+VAM+60%NP
+100%K
23
22
Plant height
(cm)
44.13
Branches
/plant
21.20
Umbels
/plant
25.87
Flowers
/umbel
64.27
Seed yield
/plant(g)
8.7
Seed yield
/ha(q)
14.49
T2
40.17
17.87
20.93
60.27
6.59
11.19
T3
36.00
15.47
17.80
56.47
5.13
8.54
T4
42.13
21.77
27.93
58.00
9.25
15.40
T5
41.13
23.00
29.47
59.27
10.17
17.61
T6
43.33
23.20
26.67
64.00
9.97
16.83
T7
44.13
23.67
29.67
61.80
10.80
17.92
T8
48.47
24.87
30.87
60.40
11.41
19.00
T9
50.27
25.00
35.00
60.13
12.06
20.08
T10
46.80
23.87
29.80
58.93
10.51
17.51
T11
46.87
24.20
32.00
61.93
11.66
19.42
T12
44.87
24.03
33.53
61.80
12.05
20.08
T13
47.47
24.27
31.53
66.33
12.41
20.68
T14
55.23
29.07
41.80
74.27
14.31
23.55
T15
36.27
16.57
19.67
56.20
6.13
10.21
T16
42.00
21.06
31.53
62.67
10.59
17.64
T17
43.73
22.87
30.07
62.00
10.90
18.16
T18
49.00
25.97
36.73
69.37
12.04
20.52
S.Em
0.48
0.27
1.05
0.48
T14- Azotobactor+Azospirollum+PSB+VAM+80%NP
+100%K
CD @5%
1.38
0.79
3.03
1.39
0.42
0.65
1.19
1.87
Chikkapeddanna,
2001
21
Cumin
Cuminum cyminum L.
(Jeerige, Jeera, Saphed jira)
Apiaceae
Chromosome no.: 2n = 14
Used as spice: soups, cakes, pastries,
pickles, liquors (NIIR, 2008)
Med uses :carminative, diuretic and
stomachic.
20
Crop Requirement:
Hot summer of 34 months
Daytime temperatures around 30c (86f)
Mediterranean climates. (Drought-tolerant)
Well-drained soil
Table 14: State wise area, production and productivity of Cumin in India
State
2005-06
2006-07
Area
Prod.
Yield
Area
Prod.
Yield
(000 ha)
(000 tonnes)
(Kg/ha)
(000 ha)
(000 tones)
(Kg/ha)
Rajasthan
135.11
52.24
387
135.11
52.24
387
Uttar Pradesh
0.00
0.01
3500
0.00
0.01
3500
Total
349.02
158.35
454
349.02
158.35
454
19
18
Table 15: Growth yield and quality attributes, seed yield of cumin as influenced by
organic and inorganic fertilizers(pooled data of 4 years)
Treatments
Plant
Branches/plan Umbels/plan Umbellates/plan Seeds/umbella Test weight (g)
height(cm)
t
t
t
te
Volatile
oil(%)
Average seed
yield (kg/ha)
T1 RD of N in form of
castor-cake
T2 RD of N in form of
mustard-cake
30.6
4.7
13.5
4.9
5.9
4.57
3.04
653
31.9
5.0
14.7
5.4
6.3
4.84
3.33
774
T3 RD of N in form of
FYM
T4 RD of N in form of
C.C.+inorganic
fertilizers at the ratio
of 1:1
30.9
4.7
13.9
5.1
6.0
4.65
3.14
670
31.5
4.8
14
5.1
6.1
4.79
3.13
723
T5 RD of N in the
form of
MC+inorganic
fertilizers in ratio 1:1
33.2
5.3
15.5
6.0
6.8
5.05
3.30
869
T6 RD of N in form of
FYM +inorganic
fertilizers in ratio of
1:1
31.9
4.7
13.8
5.0
6.3
4.76
3.07
769
T7 RD as inorganic
fertilizer(N and P)
32.1
5.0
14.3
5.4
6.5
4.64
3.11
759
T8 RD as inorganic
fertilizers(N only)
30.7
4.6
13.3
4.8
6.0
4.43
2.98
746
CD (P=0.05)
CV (%)
0.9
14.1
0.3
7.9
0.9
10.0
0.2
6.5
0.5
11.9
0.20
6.13
0.19
7.84
78
15
17
RDF-30:15kg N and
P/ha
16
15
Treatment details
T1 - Inorganic N (100%) +Azospirillum + 5 tonnes
FYM/ha
T2 - Inorganic N (75%) +Azospirillum + 5 tonnes
FYM/ha
T3 - Inorganic N (50%) +Azospirillum + 5 tonnes
FYM/ha
T4 - Azospirillum + 5 tonnes FYM/ha alone
T5 - 5 tonnes of FYM/ha alone
T6 - Azospirillum+ 10 tonnes FYM/ha
T7 - 10 tonnes of FYM/ha
T8 - Inorganic N (100%)
T9 - Azospirillum
T10 - control
RDF N- 30kg/ha,
Azospirillum-1.5kg/ha
Table 16: Effect of inorganic N, FYM and biofertilizer on growth, yield attributes
as well as net returns of cumin(pooled data over 4 years)
Treatments
Plant
height
(cm)
Branches
/plant
Umbels/
plant
Umbellate
/umbel
Seeds/
umbel
T1
35.9
5.92
21.28
5.28
32.8
4.50
3.23
8.44
22,610
6357
T2
35.4
5.78
19.30
5.12
30.0
4.37
2.92
7.98
20,440
4262
T3
34.7
5.38
18.81
4.98
30.4
4.29
2.56
8.05
17,920
1817
T4
35.2
5.23
18.48
4.94
28.0
4.26
2.43
7.33
17,010
1057
T5
33.7
5.14
17.47
4.74
27.1
4.22
2.19
7.15
15,330
-598
T6
35.6
5.38
18.07
4.91
27.1
4.29
2.35
6.98
16,450
-753
T7
34.6
5.07
17.96
4.71
27.0
4.29
2.27
6.55
15,890
-1288
T8
37.1
5.84
20.93
5.08
31.8
4.43
2.74
8.29
19,180
4202
T9
32.3
4.77
17.83
4.54
27.3
4.15
2.31
6.11
16,170
1467
T10
32.2
4.54
15.53
4.58
23.7
4.10
1.79
5.91
12,530
-2148
CD (p=0.05)
1.6
0.26
1.78
0.22
2.0
0.18
0.41
0.48
14
13
12
Table 17: Effect of cultivars and nutrient management on yield & economic returns of Cumin
(mean of 2 years data)
Treatment
Local
RZ-19
CD(p=0.05)
Seeds/ Plant
Seed yield
(kg ha-1)
2002-03
2003-04
2002-03
172.50
201.93
26.20
Cultivar
260.68
352
274.92
440
9.57
37
Gross returns
(Rs.ha-1)
2003-04
28140
34200
17240
22100
2.58
2.82
25080
13480
2.16
181.50
268.00
406
634
31200
18400
2.44
166.20
254.20
376
650
30840
16740
2.19
192.00
267.10
390
657
31410
13270
1.73
215.50
287.80
435
690
33750
20300
2.51
221.60
283.60
453
720
35190
19590
2.28
CD(P=0.05)
17.65
8.14
27
32
F1-control
586
701
76
Fennel
Foeniculum vulgare Mill.
(saunf, sompu)
Apiaceae
Chromosome number 2n = 22
Used as spice: soups, sauces, pastries,
confectionaries, bread rolls, liquors, meat
dishes, seeds chewed alone or in beetle
leaf(NIIR, 2008)
Medicinal use: Carminative, diuretic , and
stimulants.
11
Crop requirement:
Mediterranean Climate
Deep and well-drained soil
pH range 4.8 to 8.2
Full sunlight
Optimal soil temperature 15 - 18C
Table 18: State wise area, production and
productivity Fennel of in India
State
2004-05
Area
Prod.
2005-06
Yield
Area
Prod.
Yield
(000 tonnes)
(Kg/ha)
Rajasthan
4.885
4.224
865
3.895
3.657
939
Uttar Pradesh
0.806
0.442
548
0.763
0.414
543
Gujarat
16.900
23.000
1361
38.700
57.400
1483
Haryana
0.108
0.181
1676
0.108
0.181
1676
Total
22.699
27.847
1227
43.466
61.652
1418
/plant
/plant
/umbel
umbellet
q/ha
q/ha
q/ha
T1-biofertilizer
(Azatobactor)
135.0
12.6
27.3
31.0
36.3
13.1
16.2
29.3
144.2
146.2
156.3
134.0
12.7
13.3
14.0
12.3
29.0
30.7
35.0
31.7
32.0
36.0
44.3
35.0
33.7
43.0
45.0
43.7
13.2
14.2
16.7
13.9
16.1
17.6
20.5
17.1
29.3
31.9
37.2
31.1
162.7
15.0
36.7
38.0
46.7
16.9
20.9
37.8
159.3
16.4
45.0
47.0
50.3
19.4
23.7
43.1
T8-vemicompost@2t/ha
144.0
145.3
146.7
137.3
13.0
13.0
13.4
13.6
27.4
28.0
36.6
30.0
33.7
37.9
37.0
37.7
36.7
44.0
44.3
38.0
12.6
14.5
15.9
13.5
15.3
17.4
19.7
16.6
27.8
32.0
35.5
30.0
T12-vemicompost@3t/ha+
biofertilizer
148.0
15.0
31.7
39.0
41.3
16.0
19.7
35.7
T13-vemicompost@4t/ha+
biofertilizer
164.7
15.3
38.0
44.6
45.7
18.1
22.4
40.0
139.7
13.7
29.0
32.0
38.7
14.5
17.8
32.3
T15-RFD+Bio-fertilizer
147.0
131.7
3.54
7.22
15.0
10.7
0.007
0.014
35.0
26.0
0.038
0.078
42.7
27.0
0.354
0.723
43.3
32.3
0.24
0.48
15.9
11.0
0.047
0.096
19.5
13.4
0.0043
0.0089
35.4
24.3
0.020
0.041
T9-vemicompost@3t/ha
T10-vemicompost@4t/ha
T11-vemicompost@2t/ha+
biofertilizer
T16-Absolute control
S.Em
CD @5%
Meena et al.,2007
Plant
height
(cm)
No. of
branches
/plant
Umbels
/plant
Test
weight
(g)
Seed
yield
kg/ha
Inorganic N(100%)
+Azospirillum+
5t FYM/ha
111.3
7.23
27.0
19.4
Inorganic N(75%)
+Azospirillum+
5t FYM/ha
106.3
6.79
26.6
Inorganic N(50%)
+Azospirillum+
5t FYM/ha
106.7
6.51
Azospirillum+
5t FYM/ha
105.2
5t FYM/ha
Azospirillum+
10t FYM/ha
10t FYM/ha
Inorganic N(100%)
Azospirillum @1.5 kg/ha
Control
CD(P=0.05)
244.9
5.99
1158
4797
22728
2.28
19.4
233.8
5.70
1090
4797
20573
2.17
23.2
18.8
229.0
5.45
1023
4441
18453
2.06
6.79
23.6
18.5
209.3
5.45
933
3999
15753
1.93
103.3
107.0
6.48
7.01
22.2
23.4
18.3
18.9
203.0
223.9
5.39
5.69
907
1006
3718
4182
14868
17058
1.88
1.94
106.4
107.5
103.8
103.6
4.07
6.65
7.28
6.30
5.90
0.42
22.2
26.5
19.8
17.9
2.0
18.8
20.0
18.0
16.6
1.3
219.3
238.0
205.0
195.5
16.6
5.54
5.85
5.39
5.21
0.26
955
1046
871
778
73
4099
4805
3863
3329
379
15298
20083
15193
11603
1.84
2.21
1.97
1.74
Biological
Net
yield
returns
kg/ha
(Rs/ha)
Benefit:cost
ratio
Table 21: Yield attributing characters, yield and oil content of winter fennel as
influenced by organic and inorganic fertilizer (pooled data of 3 years)
Treatment
Plant
height
(cm)
branches
/plant
Umbels
/plant
Umbellets
/umbel
Seeds/
umbellet
124.35
5.75
14.78
23.08
24.37
6.49
1,996
1.64
120.30
5.95
14.98
23.92
23.68
6.42
1,915
1.62
117.38
120.55
5.83
6.23
15.58
17.85
23.07
25.52
23.73
25.05
6.54
6,58
2,057
2,264
1.58
1.61
120.03
6.07
17.17
24.15
24.62
6.53
2,133
1.61
R.D. of N in form of
FYM+inorganic fertilizer at the
ratio of 1:1
121.98
5.98
17.73
26.09
25.53
6.56
2,236
1.56
124.18
7.11
20.98
27.93
28.12
7.37
2,456
1.54
119.77
6.27
18.70
25.77
26.20
6.92
2,191
1.49
CD(P=0.05)
CV (%)
NS
5.17
0.57
11.58
1.51
10.31
1.71
8.91
1.81
9.22
0.32
5.56
304
8.58
0.07
11.85
CONCLUSIO
N:
Use of mineral fertilizer is the quickest and surest way of increasing crop production.
The continuous use of high levels of chemical fertilizer is adversely affecting the
sustainability of agricultural production and causing environmental pollution. So
organic manures are better option but we cannot meet the total nutrient needs of
modern agriculture .
Integral use of nutrients from fertilizer and organic sources seems to be a need of the
time. The basic concept underlying the INM nevertheless is the maintainance and
possible improvement of soil fertility and also sustain the crop productvity for long
term basis, to reduce fertilizer input cost.
INM posses great diversity in terms of chemical, physical properties and nutrient
release patterns