09051055 Elif MACUNLAR 09051703 Aydn AYRIK

What is drying?
Drying is a mass transfer process consisting of the

removal of water or another solvent by evaporation from a solid or semi-solid.

 Drying is perhaps the oldest, most common and most

diverse of chemical engineering unit operations. Over four hundred types of dryers have been reported in the literature while over one hundred distinct types are commonly available. Also drying is very old daily application.

 Drying is involving transient transfer of heat and mass

along operation and this may cause changes in product quality. Shrinkage Puffing Crystallization Color changing Texture changing Odor changing

Mechanism of drying
In the process of drying heat is necessary to evaporate

moisture from the grain and a flow of air is needed to carry away the evaporated moisture.

 There are two basic mechanisms involved in the

drying process. 1) The migration of moisture from the interior of an individual grain to the surface 2) The evaporation of moisture from the surface to the surrounding air. The rate of drying is determined by the moisture content and the temperature of the grain and the temperature, the (relative) humidity and the velocity of the air in contact with the grain.

Drying rate-time graph

The rate of drying is determined by ;

Moisture content

Temperature of the grain

Temperature of drying air Velocity of the air in contact with the grain

Relative humidity

 In general, the drying rate decreases with moisture

content, increases with increase in air temperature or decreases with increase in air humidity.
At very low air flows increasing the velocity causes

faster drying but at greater velocities the effect is minimal, indicating that moisture diffusion within the grain is the controlling mechanism
Grains are hydroscopic and will lose or gain moisture

until equilibrium is reached with the surrounding air.

 the equilibrium moisture content is dependent on the

relative humidity and the temperature of the drying air. The properties of the air flowing around the drying grain are a major factor in determining the rate of removal of moisture.

Effects of Drying on Grain Quality

Incorrect selection of drying conditions and equipment

can easily affect the quality of grain.

The desirable properties of high-quality grains include

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Low and uniform moisture content Low susceptibility to subsequent breakage Minimal proportion of broken and damaged grains High viability Low mould counts High nutritive value Consumer acceptability of appearance and organoleptic properties.

Dryers and Applications

Methods of drying
Convection Drying

Spray drying Spray granulation Fluidized dryers Drying belts Flash dryers Paddle dryer Tray dryer Mixer kneader dryer Drum (rotary) dryer Disc dryer

Contact Drying

Microwave Drying Freeze Drying Supercritical Drying

Convective Drying
Air heating increases the driving force for heat

transfer and accelerates drying. It also reduces air relative humidity further increasing the driving force for drying. In the falling rate period, as moisture content falls, the solids heat up and the higher temperatures speed up diffusion of water from the interior of the solid to the surface.

 Spray Drying
Most widely used industrial drying process.
Highly suited for the continuous production of dry

solid. deal method if product have precise quality standards.

Industrial applications of spray drying

Ceramic industry
Ferrites Carbides Oxides

Food industry
Tea Soup mixes

Polymer industry
e-PVC Resins

Pharmaceutical industry
Vitamins
Enzymes Antibiotics

 Fluid Bed Drying

Suitable for both heat sensitive and non-heat sensitive

products Easily controlled Uniform operarion conditions

Industrial applications of fluid bed drying

Chemicals
Detergent Fertilizers Inorganic salts

Food and diary products

Baby food Carbonhydrates Coffee

Polymers
Polypropylenes Poliethylenes

Pharmeceuticals and biochemicals

Drugs Proteins Yeast

 Drying Belts

 Flash Dryers
Most economical dryers for low moisture solids
Simplest gas suspension dryers Residence time is very short (less than 3 seconds)

Indusrtial application of flash dryers

Alumina
Animal feed PVC

Gluten
Proteins Silica Starches Zeolites

Contact Drying
Higher wall temperatures will speed up drying but this is

limited by product degradation or case-hardening.

 Paddle Dryers

 Tray Dryers

 Mixer Kneader Dryers

 Drum (rotary) Dryers

Heated to high temprature drying gas
Non-heat sensitive products Drums rotating speed is important

 Disc Dryers

Microwave Drying
Radiofrequency or microwaves being absorbed inside

the material.

Freeze Drying
is a drying method where the solvent is frozen prior to

drying and is then sublimed passed to the gas phase directly from the solid phase, below the melting point of the solvent.

Supercritical Drying
superheated steam drying involves steam drying of

products containing water. The process has potential for use in foods if carried out at reduced pressure, to lower the boiling point.