GROUP MEMBERS

IFTIKHAR HAMID

AHMAD

2007-Mech-2566 2007-Mech-2655 2007-Mech-2632

RAZZAQ

M.ILYAS SUBHAN AZIZ

ULLAH

2007-Mech-2637 2007-Mech-2649

UR REHMAN

ROAD MAP

Types Of Fuels Purification Of Fuels Synthetic Fuels Coal Gasification Combustion Calorific Values

TYPES OF FUELS

Liquid Fuels Examples:

Furnace oil Light diesel oil Petrol Kerosene Ethanol

Contd.
Solid Fuels Coal classification:

Anthracite: Hard and geologically the oldest Bituminous Lignite: Soft coal and the youngest

Further classification: Semi- anthracite, semibituminous, and sub-bituminous

Contd.
Gaseous Fuels

(A) Fuels naturally found in nature Natural gas Methane from coal mines (B) Fuel gases made from solid fuel Gases derived from coal Gases derived from waste and biomass From other industrial processes

(C) Gases made from petroleum Liquefied Petroleum gas (LPG) Refinery gases Gases from oil gasification (D) Gases from some fermentation

PURIFICATION OF FUELS

IN PURIFICATION WE WILL DISCUSS:

Purification of Crude oil Purification of Ethanol

PURIFICATION OF CRUDE OIL

Three major refining processes are performed to change crude oil into consumer and industrial products like LPG,Petrol,Diesel etc. Separation Conversion

Purification

PURIFICATION OF ETHANOL

The product of ethylene is a mixture of ethanol and water, so ethanol must be purified. By fractional distillation we got mixture, called azeotrope having 95.6% ethanol & 4.4% water. For further purification, reduce pressure less than atmospheric will give a mixture rich of ethanol. At a pressure 9.33kpa,distill absolute ethanol from an ethanol-water mixture.

SYNTHETIC FUELS
DEFINITION:

Synthetic fuel or synfuel is a liquid fuel obtained from coal, natural gas, oil shale, or biomass It may also refer to fuels derived from other solids such as plastics or rubber waste.

Processes to produce synthetic fuels

1).Indirect conversion 2).Direct conversion; (i).Hydrogenation processes

(ii).Pyrolysis and carbonization processes

3).Biofuels processes

Coal Gasification
DEFINITION:

Coal gasification is the process of producing coal gas Coal gas = H2 + CO (Mixture)

Coal Gasification Process

The technology used for coal gasification is integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) It turns coal into synthetic gas (syngas). Then it removes impurities from the coal gas like SO2 and Hg. Excess heat from the primary combustion and generation is then passed to a steam cycle.

COMBUSTION
DEFINITION:

Combustion OR burning is the sequence of exothermic chemical reactions between a fuel and an oxidant accompanied by the production of heat.

CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O + energy

Contd.
Principles of Combustion Control the 3 Ts to optimize combustion:
1T) Temperature 2T) Turbulence

3T) Time

Combustion

CALORIFIC VALUES

The heating value OR calorific value of a substance is the amount of heat released during the combustion of a specified amount of it.
It is measured in units of energy per unit of the substance, usually mass, such as: kcal/kg, kJ/kg, J/mol, Btu/m.

Bomb Calorimeter

HCV

The quantity known as higher heating value (HHV) is determined by bringing all the products of combustion back to the original pre-combustion temperature
Particularly condensing any vapor produced.

LCV

The quantity known as lower heating value (LHV) (or net calorific value) is determined by subtracting the heat of vaporization of the water vapor from the higher heating value The energy required to vaporize the water therefore is not realized as heat.

RELATION
A common method of relating HHV to LHV is:

HHV = LHV + hv x nH2O,out/nfuel,in

Where, hv is the heat of vaporization of water, nH2O,out is the moles of water vaporized and nfuel,in is the number of moles of fuel combusted.