Isaac Newton

Muadz Romadhoni Chandra Tirta A G Moh Chandra Kiki Winda Veronica Putri Aprillia Mulyani Hafiz Syena Wulan Wahyu Eganingrum Giya Pranata Rabiyatul Adawiyah H Muhammad Fadlullah F M

Abstract
What is an abstract?

An abstract is a brief, accurate, and comprehensive summary of the contents of the article without added interpretation or criticism. It allows readers to survey the contents of the article which follows quickly. In preparing the abstract, it is important to keep the sentences short and simple by covering with just one topic each and excluding irrelevant information. Nevertheless, an abstract should be informative by presenting the quantitative and/or qualitative information contained in the document.

Checklist: Parts of an Abstract Despite the fact that an abstract is quite brief, it must do almost as much work as the multi-page paper that follows it. In a computer architecture paper, this means that it should in most cases include the following sections. Each section is typically a single sentence, although there is room for creativity. In particular, the parts may be merged or spread among a set of sentences. Use the following as a checklist for your next abstract:

Motivation: Why do we care about the problem and the results? If the problem isn't obviously "interesting" it might be better to put motivation first; but if your work is incremental progress on a problem that is widely recognized as important, then it is probably better to put the problem statement first to indicate which piece of the larger problem you are breaking off to work on. This section should include the importance of your work, the difficulty of the area, and the impact it might have if successful. Problem statement: What problem are you trying to solve? What is the scope of your work (a generalized approach, or for a specific situation)? Be careful not to use too much jargon. In some cases it is appropriate to put the problem statement before the motivation, but usually this only works if most readers already understand why the problem is important.

Approach: How did you go about solving or making progress on the problem? Did you use simulation, analytic models, prototype construction, or analysis of field data for an actual product? What was the extent of your work (did you look at one application program or a hundred programs in twenty different programming languages?) What important variables did you control, ignore, or measure? Results: What's the answer? Specifically, most good computer architecture papers conclude that something is so many percent faster, cheaper, smaller, or otherwise better than something else. Put the result there, in numbers. Avoid vague, hand-waving results such as "very", "small", or "significant." If you must be vague, you are only given license to do so when you can talk about orders-of-magnitude improvement. There is a tension here in that you should not provide numbers that can be easily misinterpreted, but on the other hand you don't have room for all the caveats.

 Conclusions:

What are the implications of your answer? Is it going to change the world (unlikely), be a significant "win", be a nice hack, or simply serve as a road sign indicating that this path is a waste of time (all of the previous results are useful). Are your results general, potentially generalizable, or specific to a particular case?

Other Considerations An abstract must be a fully self-contained, capsule description of the paper. It can't assume (or attempt to provoke) the reader into flipping through looking for an explanation of what is meant by some vague statement. It must make sense all by itself. Some points to consider include:

Meet the word count limitation. If your abstract runs too long, either it will be rejected or someone will take a chainsaw to it to get it down to size. Your purposes will be better served by doing the difficult task of cutting yourself, rather than leaving it to someone else who might be more interested in meeting size restrictions than in representing your efforts in the best possible manner. An abstract word limit of 150 to 200 words is common.

Any major restrictions or limitations on the results should be stated, if only by using "weasel-words" such as "might", "could", "may", and "seem". Think of a half-dozen search phrases and keywords that people looking for your work might use. Be sure that those exact phrases appear in your abstract, so that they will turn up at the top of a search result listing. Usually the context of a paper is set by the publication it appears in (for example, IEEE Computer magazine's articles are generally about computer technology). But, if your paper appears in a somewhat un-traditional venue, be sure to include in the problem statement the domain or topic area that it is really applicable to.

Some publications request "keywords". These have two purposes. They are used to facilitate keyword index searches, which are greatly reduced in importance now that on-line abstract text searching is commonly used. However, they are also used to assign papers to review committees or editors, which can be extremely important to your fate. So make sure that the keywords you pick make assigning your paper to a review category obvious (for example, if there is a list of conference topics, use your chosen topic area as one of the keyword tuples).

What are the functions of an abstract?

An abstract has two functions, viz.:

1. It

helps readers to know the brief content of the article, thus saving them time to read through the whole paper. 2. It is used by abstracting and information services to index and retrieve articles.

is there a Characteristics of a good abstract?

Oh yes,look the next page

A good abstract should be:

1.

Accurate

An abstract should reflect correctly the objectives and contents of the article. Do not include information that does not appear in the body of the article in the abstract.
2.

Define all unique terms, abbreviations (except units of measurement), and acronyms in the abstract. Include names of the authors (initials and family name) and dates of publication in citations of other publications (and give a full citation in the list of references).

Self-contained

3.

Concise and specific Each sentence should be as informative as possible, especially the lead sentence. Make it brief. The total length of the abstract should not exceed 120 words, in one paragraph, if possible. Begin the abstract with the most important information but do not repeat the title. It may include the purpose of the investigation, the results and conclusions, or whatever is the most important to inform the readers.

4.Coherent and readable

Write clearly. Here are some suggestions as to write clearly:

Use verbs rather than the noun equivalents. Use the present tense to describe results without continuing applicability or conclusions drawn. Use the past tense to describe specific variables manipulated or tests applied. Use the third rather than the first person.

An example abstract from a chemistry report

ABSTRACT
In this experiment, chromatography was used to analyse amino acids in solution. Standards were used to identify unknown amino acids in a mixture. Ascending layer chromatography with an isopropanol-based solvent was used to separate the amino acids, which were then detected with ninhydrin. The unknown mixture analysed was found to contain aspartate and histidine. It was observed that hydrophobic amino acids were most mobile. This technique was shown to be an effective way of analysing unknown mixtures of amino acids. A mechanism for ninhydrin binding to amino acids is proposed, based on observations from this experiment. Description aim/ objective Method

Results

Conclusion

Further conclusion

An example abstract from an Engineering scientific report

Aim of the research Method Summary of overall results Detailed result for one of the experiment's samples

A detailed comparison of the properties and microstructures of conventionally sintered and microwave sintered samples of 3 mol% and 8 mol% yttria zirconia was performed. Identical thermal profiles were used for both types of heating. For both materials, microwave heating was found to enhance the densification processes which occur during constant rate heating. The 3 mol% yttria zirconia material exhibited a shift in the grain size/density relationship which favours densification, resulting in higher density samples with smaller grain sizes at densities below 96% of theoretical density. At higher densities, significant grain growth occurs. For the 8 mol% yttria zirconia material, the grain size / density relationship remained unchanged. Differences in the response of the two materials are attributed to the differences in the activation energy for grain growth, and in grain boundary mobility. Modulus of rupture and toughness of both microwave and conventionally sintered samples were similar. Following isothermal heating at 13000C, microwave heated samples were found to be significantly more dense than conventionally heated samples. This temperature also restricted grain growth once densification was approaching completion. These findings have significant implications for the commercial application of microwave sintering. It appears that this method of sintering produces a superior product to conventional sintering.

Detailed result for the other of the experiment's samples

Further results (comparison of two methods of sintering)

Significance of the results

 An

example of an abstract from a biology report

Many plants in Australia have their seeds buried in order for the species to survive fires. The seeds start to germinate under the soil at certain temperatures. Seeds of Acacia terminalis and Dillwynia floribunda were examined in this experiment. It was hypothesised that the seeds need heat for the germination to start.Seeds of the two species were treated in hot and cold water and left to start germinating. Acacia terminalis showed a significant response in germination after the hot water treatment while Dillwynia floribunda did not. Neither seed showed a response in germination after cold water treatment. The results for Dillwynia floribunda were unexpected but may be explained by factors such as water temperature and the length of time the seeds remained in the heated water. Background Information Outline of what was investigated in this experiment Hypothesis Summary of Method Summary of Results Summary of Discussion

So what the different ABSTRACT and summary ?

Abstract and Summary are two terms that are used differently in relation to a thesis or a research paper and an essay or a chapter. This is the difference between abstract and summary. An abstract is a short form of a research paper in a nutshell. On the other hand a summary is a short form of an essay or a chapter in a book or an act in a play. This is the main difference between abstract and summary.

and than Abstract and introduction?

o An introduction is the first chapter of a thesis or a dissertation or a book for that matter. The purpose of

an introduction is to introduce the reader to the topic

of the book or the thesis. o On the other hand an abstract just touches the subject matter of the research paper and presents it in a nutshell. This is the difference between abstract and introduction.

so what difference it all, Abstract . Introduction . Summary . Conclusion??

 Abstract

is in fact, not the part of an essay. It just describes the theme of writing an essay or piece of writing in contrast to summary that is different with abstract just in this sense, that it includes all the important parts of a detailed essay. By reading a summary, a person has no need to read all the detailed essay, while by reading abstract, a person cannot think about content of essay. Similarly, introduction is preliminary part of a piece of writing that disclose the area of discussion that is going to discussed in that essay. However, conclusion is just the final verdict of an essay.

Conclusion for the topic Writing an efficient abstract is hard work, but will repay you with increased impact on the world by enticing people to read your publications. Make sure that all the components of a good abstract are included in the next one you write.

Thank you