Ad-hoc Networks

The University Of Lahore

Sir.

AMISH HASSAN M.PHIL(QAU)

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Mr. Usman Mr. Asher

Ali Chaudhary

Azeem Gujjar

 In Latin, ad hoc means "for this," further meaning "for this purpose only. An ad-hoc network is a LAN or other small network, especially one with wireless connections, in which some of the network devices are part of the network only for the duration of a communications session.

Hop

Path, chain or route Host Switching Unit Intro To Telecom System

Why ad hoc wireless networking?

Technical side:

wireless devices need to be connected; increased performance/cost ratio on devices Internet compatible standards-based wireless systems;

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Introduction History Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

Infrastructure based Networks and Infrastructure-less Networks. Mobile Ad-hoc Network Routing Protocols

Setting up a simple Mobile Ad-hoc Network

Wireless Ad-hoc Sensor Networks

Classification, types, network structure, basic requirements.

Difference between Cellular and Ad-hoc Networks Future Research Directions Conclusions
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Today the networks normally developed are of the type having some fixed infrastructure. What would be the solution if the network is required to be made for some short period of time?
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An Ad-hoc network is a local area network or some other small network, especially one with wireless (or temporary plug in connections), in which some of the network devices are the part of the network only for the duration of a communications session. Allows new network devices to be quickly added. Each user has a unique network address that is recognized as the part of the network.

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Nodes or devices can join together to make up a simple ad-hoc network. Every device owes an equal status or designation in the network.

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One organization, for example arranges a conference, and the attendees use their laptops or notebook computers to connect to the nearby computers and the Internet through the wireless router.

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A better solution to this kind of network will be an ad-hoc network in which the wireless router is replaced by a wireless computer that can well act as a wireless router. The computers communicate directly with each other.

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Cellular Networks
Fixed, pre-located cell sites and base stations. Static network topology Relatively favorable environment and stable connectivity. Detailed planning before base stations can be installed.

Ad-hoc Networks
No fixed base stations, very rapid deployment. Highly dynamic network topologies, with multi-hop. Hostile environment (losses, noise) and irregular connectivity. Ad-hoc network automatically forms and conforms to change.

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It is suitable for military communications at battlefield where there is no network infrastructure. Incase if we need to exchange information and the network's infrastructure has been destroyed.

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Group of people with laptops and they want to exchange files and data without having an access point.

Sharing the internet

Connected to the internet

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Hidden node problem:

Collision

Sender 1

Sender 2

Receiver

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Exposed node problem :

Blocked By The Transmitter Receiver Transmitter Exposed Node

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On the basis of infrastructure we can classify the Ad-hoc networks into two main categories. They are 1. Infrastructure-based networks.

A network with pre-constructed infrastructure that is made of fixed

network nodes and gateways, with typically network services delivered via these preconfigured infrastructures. For example, cellular networks are infrastructure-based networks built from, base stations, and mobile hosts. Each node has its strict specific responsibility in the network. WLANs typically also fall into this category.
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2.

Infrastructure-less networks
In this case a network is formed dynamically through the cooperation

of an arbitrary set of independent nodes. For example, two PCs equipped with wireless adapter cards can set up an independent network whenever they are within range of one another. In mobile ad hoc networks, nodes are expected to behave as routers and take part in discovery and maintenance of routes to other nodes. Network is decentralized where the topology discovering and the message delivering must be executed by the nodes themselves.

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Ad-hoc Networks require efficient routing protocols because determining successful routing paths and delivering messages in a decentralized environment where network topology fluctuates is not a well defined problem. An optimal route at a certain time may not work seconds later. Discussed below are three categories that existing adhoc network routing protocols fall into:
Table Driven Protocols On Demand Protocols Hybrid Protocols

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Routing Protocols

Table Driven Protocols

On Demand Protocols

Hybrid Protocols DSDV, WRP, STAR ABR, DSR, AODV, TORA

ZRP

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No expensive infrastructure must be installed Use of unlicensed frequency spectrum Quick distribution of information around sender Use of ad-hoc networks can increase mobility and flexibility, as ad-hoc networks can be brought up and torn down in a very short time. Ad-hoc networks can be more economical in some cases, as they eliminate fixed infrastructure costs and reduce power consumption at mobile nodes. Because of multi-hop support in ad-hoc networks, communication beyond the Line of Sight (LOS) is possible at high frequencies.
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Multi-hop ad-hoc networks can reduce the power consumption of wireless devices. More transmission power is required for sending a signal over any distance in one long hop than in multiple shorter hops. It can easily be proved that the gain in transmission power consumption is proportional to the number of hops made. Because of short communication links (multi-hop nodeto-node communication instead of long-distance node to central base station communication), radio emission levels can be kept low. This reduces interference levels, and makes it possible to use unlicensed unregulated frequency bands.
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They are Infrastructure-less Dynamically Changing Network Topologies Network Security Limited Link Bandwidth Variation in Link and Node Capabilities Quality of Service Network Scalability

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A wireless ad hoc sensor network consists of a number of sensors spread across a geographical area. Each sensor has wireless communication capability and some level of intelligence for signal processing and networking of the data.

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Military sensor networks to detect and gain as much information as possible about enemy movements, and other phenomena of interest. In a military sensor network, track an enemy tank as it moves through the geographic area covered by the network. Sensor networks to detect and characterize Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive material.

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Acoustic used as the sound sensors. Seismic for the prediction of earth quake. Infrared for short range communication. Still/Motion video camera.

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Routing Protocol Optimization QoS Support Simulation Security Standardization and Interoperability

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 Ad hoc networking will play an important role

in this evolution. Its intrinsic flexibility, ease of maintenance, lack of needed infrastructure, auto configuration, selfadministration capabilities, and significant cost advantages make it a prime candidate for becoming the stalwart technology for personal pervasive communication.
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