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Presentation by:
Muhammad Fahad Khan Abdul Rizwan Rahat Saeed Fahim Ullah Fazal Haq
Contents
Introduction
to Steam Engine Types of Steam Engine Parts of Steam Engine Working of Steam Engine Advantages, Disadvantages & Uses of Steam Engine
Opening Temple-Doors by Steam Brancas Steam-Engine, A.D. 1629 Newcomen's Engine, A. D. 1705
The development of modern steam engine JAMES WATT The Modern Steam Engine and application to locomotives
Introduction
Steam engine is an external combustion heat engine in which steam is used as a working fluid.
Heat engine works on first law of thermodynamics i.e heat energy is converted to mechanical work.
It is among the ancient Egyptian civilization that we find the first records in the early history of the steam-engine.
A jet of water from the reservoir, g, enters the cylinder, producing a vacuum by the condensation of the steam
Reciprocatory Engines Single Stage Reciprocatory Engines Compound Engines Turbine Engines Stationary Engines
Classification
Steam engines can be classified in two main ways:
By The Technology:
Most steam engines use either
By The Application:
By application the steam engines are classified further into two main groups:
Engines providing power, which stop rarely and do not need to reverse i.e. power stations
Engines that frequently stop and reverse i.e. stationary engines
Reciprocatory Engine:
These engines are further divided into two categories:
A reciprocating engine, also often known as a piston engine, is an engine that utilizes one or more pistons in order to convert pressure into a rotating motion. In single stage all the cylinders must produce same pressure.
Working:
Each piston is located inside a cylinder, into which a fuel and air mixture is introduced, and then ignited. The now hot gases expand, pushing the piston away. The linear movement of the piston is converted to a circular movement via a connecting rod and a crankshaft.
The more cylinders a piston engine has, the more power it is capable of producing.
Compound Engine:
A compound engine unit is a type of steam engine where steam is expanded in two or more phases.
Steam is first expanded in a high-pressure (HP) cylinder, then having given up heat and losing pressure, it exhausts directly into one or more larger volume low-pressure (LP) cylinders.
Stage one
Stage two
Stage three
Working
The complete expansion of the steam occurs across multiple cylinders and, as less expansion now occurs in each cylinder, less heat is lost by the steam in each. This reduces the magnitude of cylinder heating and cooling, increasing the efficiency of the engine.
Steam Turbine:
Turbine Blades
Stationary Engines
A stationary engine is an engine that does not move. Usually, a stationary engine is used not to propel a vehicle but to drive a piece of immobile equipment such as a pump or power tools.
Stationary engines come in a wide variety of sizes and use a wide variety of technologies.
Examples
Small stationary engines were frequently used on a farm to drive various kinds of power tools and equipment such as circular saws, pumps, and hay elevators.
Power stations of all sizes. Beam engines used in mills and factories before the widespread use of electric power.
Power Station
Frame Cylinder Steam Chest D-Sliding Valve Inlet & Exit Port Piston Piston Rod
Crank Shaft Eccentric Eccentric Rod Valve Rod Fly Wheel Governor Cross Head Connecting Rod
Frame
Frame
Cylinder
Cylinder
Cylinder
Cylindrical hollow vessel in which the piston moves to & fro under the pressure of steam.
Steam Chest
Steam Chest
Acts as reservoir of steam for cylinder. Contains valve system.
D-Sliding Valve
D-Sliding Valve
Piston
Piston
Cylindrical disc, which moves to & fro inside the cylinder under the pressure of steam. Converts the heat energy of steam ino mechanical work.
Piston Rod
Piston Rod
Cross Head
Cross Head
Cross Head
Link Between Piston rod & connecting rod. Provides guidance to the motion of piston rod.
Connecting Rod
Connecting Rod
One end connected to the connecting rod & other to the crank shaft. Converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into the rotary motion of the crank shaft.
Eccentric
Eccentric
Eccentric
Fitted to crank shaft. Provides the reciprocating motion to the slide valve.
Fly Wheel
Fly Wheel
Heavy Cast Iron Wheel mounted on crank shaft. Prevents the fluctuations of the engine by storing mechanical energy.
Governor
Governor
Keeps the speed of the engine uniform at different load conditions by controlling the amount of steam supplied to the engine.
Governor
RANKINE CYCLE
The
Rankine cycle is a thermodynamic cycle which converts heat into work. Water is used as the working fluid in this cycle. 80% of all electric power used throughout the world is produced using this cycle. It is named after William Rankine, a Scottish polymath. It is referred to as a practical Carnot cycle. A Rankine cycle describes a model of steam operated heat engine.
RANKINE CYCLE(CONTINUED)
The main difference is that heat addition and rejection are isobaric in the Rankine cycle and isothermal in the theoretical Carnot cycle. A pump is used to pressurize liquid instead of gas. This requires a very small fraction of the energy compared to compressing a gas in a compressor (as in the Carnot cycle). The efficiency of a Rankine cycle is usually limited by the working fluid. One of the principal advantages the Rankine cycle holds over others is that during the compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump.
PROCESSES(CONTINUED)
Process 4-1: The working fluid is pumped from low to high pressure, as the fluid is a liquid at this stage the pump requires little input energy. Process 1-2: The high pressure liquid enters a boiler where it is heated at constant pressure by an external heat source to become a dry saturated vapor. Process 2-3: The dry saturated vapor expands through a steam engine, generating power. This decreases the temperature and pressure of the vapor, and some condensation may occur. Process 3-4: The wet vapor then enters a condenser where it is condensed at a constant pressure to become a saturated liquid.
Heat Supplied during Process,1-2=QS=h2-h1 Heat Rejected during Process,3-4=QR=h4-h3 Work Input=h4-h1 Useful Work Output=h2-h3 Net Work= (h2-h3) + (h4-h1) Thermal Efficiency= = Net Work/ QS = (h2-h3) + (h4-h1) (h2-h1)
WORKING(CONTINUED)
Steam is generated, under pressure, in a boiler. From the boiler the steam enters the cylinder at the front of the piston, through the port A. This is called the inlet or steam port. The pressure of the steam pushes the piston, along the cylinder, in the direction of arrow C. The steam at the back of the piston, (from the previous stroke), is pushed out through port B. This is called the exhaust port. As the piston, moves along the cylinder so does the piston rod, which is fixed to the crosshead. The crosshead keeps the piston, and piston rod, moving horizontally. Also fastened to to the crosshead is one end of the connecting rod. The other end is fastened to the crank. As the piston and piston rod move backwards and forwards, the connecting rod causes the crank, crankshaft and flywheel to rotate in the direction shown.
VALVE MECHANISM
The admission of steam into the cylinder has to be controlled so that live steam (steam from the boiler) pushes the piston backwards and forwards to obtain a continuous rotary motion to the crank. The mechanism that controls the steam admission is called the valve gear or valve mechanism.
ECCENTRIC
The valve is moved backwards and forwards over the cylinder ports by the action of the eccentric. The eccentric consists of a circular disc, which is fastened to the crankshaft and rotates with it. The centre of crankshaft is made offset (eccentric) to the centre of the disc. Thus, when the crankshaft rotates, a point on the centre of the eccentric disc forms a circle around the crankshaft centre. The diameter of this circle will be twice the offset. If the slide valve is connected to the eccentric by means of an eccentric rod, then as the crankshaft rotates, the valve will move backwards and forwards by a distance which is twice the offset of the centers. This distance is known as the throw of the eccentric.
ECCENTRIC(CONTINUED)
It is used for driving machinery in factories and mills. Steam-powered transport on both sea and land. Very low power engines are used to power models and speciality application such as the steam clock. power supplied to the electric grid is predominantly generated using steam turbine plant. Transport applications engines have been used to power a wide array of transport appliances: * Marine: Steamboat, Steamship * Rail: Steam locomotive, Fireless locomotive * Agriculture: Traction engine, Steam tractor * Road: Steam wagon, Steam bus, Steam tricycle, Steam car * Construction: Steam roller, Steam shovel * Military: Steam tank (tracked), Steam tank (wheeled) * Space: Steam rocket
It convert heat from almost any source to mechanical work. Steam engines are no adversely effect by atmospheric pressure . For road vehicles steam propulsion has the advantage of having high torque from stationary, removing the need for a clutch and transmission. Also a steam train with similar speed and capacity is 50 percent lighter than an electric or diesel train. Thus, especially rack railways, significantly reducing wear and tear on the track. improvements like roller bearings, heat insulation, light-oil firing, improved inner streamlining, one-man-driving and so on. These resulted in 60 percent lower fuel consumption per passenger and massively reduced costs for maintenance and handling.
They are noisy and require a lot of fuel. Low efficiency, which means you have to put more energy in (as compared to other modes) than you get out. The disadvantages of using a steam train is the efficiency, it is low. Typical steam engine efficiency cannot reach more than 30%. The other problem is obviously it needs plenty of fossil fuel in order to create steam for the engine. Fossil fuel will be gone soon if people do not look for alternative. Its parts were large and difficult to keep in proper alignment. Great power loss through friction because parts are being cast and not properly machined.