CHAPTER 4

ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT (ALU)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this lesson, student should able: Understanding adder component in ALU such as Half Adder, Full Adder, Parallel Binary Adder, Binary Code Decimal Adder etc. Understanding shift register operation in ALU Understanding logical operations in ALU Realize multiplexer in ALU with eight input multiplexer.

Introduction
A logic circuit, which is used to perform arithmetic functions like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division etc. is called arithmetic circuit. Typically, an addition operation takes less than 1 s. The logic functions that are commonly used are EX-OR, OR and AND.

Adder
In electronics an adder is digital circuit that perform addition of numbers. In modern computer adder reside in the arithmetic logic unit (ALU). Adders are important not only in the computer but also in many types of digital systems in which the numeric data are processed. There are two basic types of adder: Half Adder & Full Adder

The Half Adder

The half-adder accepts two binary digits on its inputs and produces two binary digits on its outputs, a sum bit and a carry bit.

Logic Circuits

Simplify to

HOW ???

 Drawback of half adder is, it doesnt cater to carry i.e. it fails in multi-bit addition. It will add A0 and B0, but in next stage we have to add three bits, which will not be done by the circuit, hence we require a FULL ADDER

Exercise
Using an AND gate and two NOR gates to construct a half adder

The Full Adder

To overcome the drawback of half adder, full adder is designed. It consider Carry also. The logic circuit which can add 3 bits is known as Full Adder. The full adder produces a sum and carry value, which are both binary digits. It can be combined with other full adders.

Full Adder Logic

 A full adder can be constructed from two half adders by connecting A and B to the input of one half adder, connecting the sum from that to an input to the second adder, connecting Ci to the other input and OR the two carry outputs. Equivalently, S could be made the threebit XOR of A, B, and Ci, and Co could be made the three-bit majority function of A,

The Full-Adder

Exercise
Write the equation to perform the full adder logic circuits.

Parallel Binary Adder

Two or more full adders are connected to form parallel binary adders.
To add two binary numbers, a full-adder is required for each bit in the numbers. So, for 2-bit numbers, two adders are needed.

Parallel Binary Adder

The carry output of each adder is connected to the carry input of the next higher-order adder

Four-Bit Parallel Adders

A group of 4 bits is called a nibble. A basic 4-bit parallel adder is implemented with four full-adder stages as shown.

Four-Bit Parallel Adders

The carry output of each adder is connected to the carry input of the next higher-order adder as indicated. These are called internal carries.

Parallel Adder Addition

How to perform Addition?

Parallel Adder Subtraction

How to perform subtraction?

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