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Oscillating System

Type of Waves

Waves

Wavefronts

Phenomena

Oscillating System
Damping
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Damping is the decrease in the amplitude of an oscillating system Oscillating system experiences damping when its energy is drained out as heat energy External damping is the loss of energy to overcome frictional forces of air resistance Internal damping is the loss of energy due to the extension and compression of the molecules in the system Damping causes the amplitude and energy of the system to decrease

Resonance 1. Occurs when a system Is made to oscillate at a frequency equivalent to its natural frequency by external forces 2. Natural frequency is the frequency of a system wich oscillates freely without the action of external force

Wavefronts
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Wavefront is a line or plane on which the vibrations of every points on it are in phase and are at the same distance from the source of the wave Points in a wave are in phase if they vibrate in the same direction with the same displacement The direction of propagation of the waves is always perpendicular to the wavefronts Examples : Plane wavefronts and Circular wavefronts Plane wavefronts Plane water waves is produced when a wooden bar vibrates vertically with a constant frequency on the surface of the water. Circular wavefronts When we touch the surface of water repeatedly , circular waves are produced.

Terms
Amplitude A maximum displacement of a vibrating

system from its equilibrium position


Period,T Time taken to complete an oscillation in a

vibrating system
Frequency Is the number of complete oscillations

made by a vibrating system in one second


Wavelength Is the distance between two successive

points of the same phase in a wave

Reflection of Waves
Reflection of waves occurs when incident

waves on a surface are thrown back in a direction opposite to their original direction The speed of reflected waves remains unchanged and equal to incident waves Based on Laws of Reflection Angle of incidence,i = Angle of reflection,r i,r,and normal lie on the same plane (which is perpendicular to the surface)

Refraction of Waves
Refraction of waves is the change in direction

of propagation caused by a velocity change when waves travel from one medium to another Example refraction of waves : Refraction of sound waves Refraction of light waves

Refraction of Sound Waves


The bending of sound waves while passing

through media or different densities

Refraction of Light Waves


When a ray propagate from one medium to

an optically denser medium, the ray refract towards the normal. When a ray propagate from one medium to an optically less dense medium is refracted away from the normal. Ex. : A spoon appear bent when part of it is in water.

Diffraction of Waves
Meaning : A phenomena in which waves spread out after

passing obstacle Effects : The size of the obstacle is small enough The wavelength is large enough Characteristics of diffracted waves : Frequency, wavelength and speed of waves remain unchanged Changes in the direction of propagation and the pattern of waves

Interference of Waves
Meaning : Superposition of 2 waves originating from 2

coherent sources. Coherent sources produce same frequency, amplitude, and are in phase. Constructive interference 2 crests or troughs passes each other Destructive inteference crest and a trough passes each other Antinode constructive Node destructive

Superposition
Principle of superposition states that the

waves displacement of the combined motion of any number of interacting waves at a point is the sum of the displacement of all the component wave at that point.

Transverse wave
A wave that the vibration of particle in the

medium is at perpendicular to the direction of the propagation. Ex : Water waves Light waves Electromagnetic waves

Longitudinal waves
A wave that the vibration of particle is parallel

to the direction of propagation. Ex : Sound waves

Similarities
Produce by vibration or oscillation. Transfer energy or momentum without

transferring matter. Propagated by vibration or oscillation of the particle of the medium.

Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic wave are propagating waves

in space with electric and magnetic component. This component oscillate at right angle to each other and to the direction of propagation. Electromagnetic spectrum range of frequencies and wavelengths over which electromagnetic wave are propagated.

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