Rfid Grasso Notes

Mapping The Landscape How RFID is Revolutionising The World Around US
Alfio Grasso Deputy Director Auto-ID Lab, ADELAIDE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE

International Quality & Productivity Centre RFID Integration 2005
AUTO-ID LABS
Objective
RFID Basics History
Rising from the ashes!
Current Status
EPCglobal ISO Regulatory
Future
RFID Basics
AUTO-ID LABS
Tag reading
The black spot
Controller
Transmitter Label
Receiver
Reader Tx typically 1W, 6dB gain Antenna But propagation loss, resulting Rx at Tag typically W On tag, RF energy used for DC power and modulation More loss back to Reader Rx Therefore a very weak reply is obtained
AUTO-ID LABS
RFID Tags
Tags

Attached to objects or items Contains electronics (chip), and antenna Most are passive (no power source) Active tags have a battery
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Matrics (Symbol) Tags Class 0
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Alien Technology Tags Class 1 Gen 1
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Intermec Tags 18000-6TB
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Gen 2
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RFID Readers
Readers Contains electronics, Tx, Rx and control Connected to antenna(s)
mostly external

Energise tags (passive tags) Commands tags (wake up active tags, enables management of the tag population) Receive tag replies
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RFID Readers
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Gen 2 Compliant Readers
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RFID Antenna(s)
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Host CPU

Application Do something with the tag information Potential to generate massive amounts of data Once installed it costs virtually NOTHING to read a tag! Real time data => real time decisions OHIO (Zero Human Involvement Operations)*
* Term defined by John Greaves, CHEP International
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History
RFID concept in WWII
Steady development ever since
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AUTO-ID LABS
Early UHF work

1979 Surface Acoustic Wave RFID

University of Adelaide, University of New South Wales TABTEK, X-cyte (XCI) MircroDesign
1988 Modulated Backscatter Technology

Discrete diodes ISD Amtech SCS Philips IBM=>Intermec
Late 90s single chip UHF RFID

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ISO
SC31 established in 1996
Automatic Identification and Data Capture Techniques RFID for Item Management 1st meeting 26-28 August 1998 Air Interface 1st meeting 12th Jan 1999 Ad-hoc meeting in September 2000 18000-6 WD by Dec 2001 18000-6 CD Sept 2002 FCD BRM Sept 2003 18000-6 Published 2004
SC31/WG4

SC31/WG4/SG3

UHF activity started in 2000

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AUTO-ID LABS
Key Events
Auto-ID Center, formation and EPC (2000) RFID Chair at University of Adelaide, April 2001 Adelaide Auto-ID Lab, established 2002 Gillette purchase (2003)
WAL*MART mandate (2003)

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AUTO-ID LABS
Metamorphous
Auto-ID Center
Terminated 31/10/2003
Spawned two organisations
Auto-ID Labs
MIT, Cambridge (UK), Adelaide,
Fudan (China), Keio (Japan), St Gallen/ETHZ (Switzerland) and in 2005 ICU (Korea)
EPCglobal
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AUTO-ID LABS
2000+ Players
Matrics

Founded 1999 Product July 2002
Symbol
Alien

Founded 1995 Cheap Tag Program, 2001 Product Q1 2002
Impinj

Founded 2000 Auto-ID Center HAG 2003 C1G2 chip 8 Apr 2005 EPCglobal certified 14 Sep 2005 Partnered with Texas Instruments
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AUTO-ID LABS
Why Now!
Recent improvements in tag and reader technology Better performance Easier deployment and maintenance Better use of existing infrastructure and technologies Improvements in tag and reader manufacturing Cheaper tags and readers Industry standardisation EPCglobal and ISO
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AUTO-ID LABS
RFID Market To Reach $7.26Bn In 2008 *

A new market research report covering RFID from 2005 to 2015, researched by IDTechEx.
Bottom line is that this years global market for RFID including tags, systems and services is $1.94 billion but it will be driven by demand and new laws to $26.90 billion in 2015. Passive tags: 410 million (car clickers) Active tags: 1390 million (cards) access cards for the financial, security and safety markets automotive and passenger transport sector smaller markets in leisure, libraries, laundry and healthcare.
1.8 billion RFID tags have been sold to 2005.

Key volume applications for RFID technology

* As reported in IDTechEX 11 April 2005 International Quality & Productivity Centre RFID Integration 2005
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AUTO-ID LABS
More Trends *
3.1 billion tags will be used for pallets and cases in 2006. By 2008
6.8 billion tags for Item level tagging (especially by pharmaceuticals) and tagging of baggage, animals, books, tickets and other non retail markets But 15.3 billion tags for pallets/cases
The market for RFID interrogators will reach $1.14 billion in 2008 for EPC interrogators and $0.75 billion in the same year for other interrogators, such as Near Field Communication interrogators. Forecasts by territorial region show that by 2010 48% of RFID tags by numbers will be sold in East Asia, followed by 32% to North America.
* As reported in IDTechEX 11 April 2005 International Quality & Productivity Centre RFID Integration 2005
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Current Status
EPCglobal ISO Regulatory
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EPCglobal Standards Development Process
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AUTO-ID LABS
EPCglobal structure
GS1 EPCglobal Board of Governors GS1 US
Architectural Review Committee
President, EPCglobal
Staff
Business Steering Committee

Business Action Group - CP
Work Groups
Technology Steering Committee

Software Action Group
Work Groups
Auto-ID Labs
Public Policy Steering Committee
Business Action Group - HLS

Work Groups
Hardware Action Group

Work Groups
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Membership Aug 2005
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Standards Development Process
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Working Groups
Business Steering Committee (BSC)

Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) Healthcare and Life Sciences (HLS) Transport and Logistics (TLS) Hardware Action Group (HAG) Software Action Group (SAG)
Technical Steering Committee (TSC)

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FMCG Working Groups

Data Exchange European Adoption Programme (EAP) Pilot and Implementation (P&I) Reusable Transport Items (RTI) Strategic Planning Tag and Inlay Standards Asian Adoption Program (AAP)
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HLS Working Groups

Strategy Policy Process Information Technology Research
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TLS - Working Groups

Transportation Four walls Import Export Clearance Integration
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HAG Working Groups

Class 1 Generation 2 (Work completed) Gen 2 Testing & Certification Joints Requirements Group for Item Level Tagging Others planned
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SAG Working Groups
Reader Protocol Reader Management Filtering and Collection ONS Security Tag Data Translation EPCIS Phase 2 Tag Data Standards
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Future Working Groups ?

Automotive Aerospace Electronics Biologics
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EPCglobal Technical Standards

Hardware Action Group Software Action Group
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EPCglobal network: roles and interfaces

Push Sharing
EPCIS EPCIS Accessing Accessing Application Application EPCIS Query Interface EPCIS EPCIS Repository Repository EPCIS Capture Interface
Firewall
Partner Partner Accessing Accessing Application Application
Security
EPCIS Capturing EPCIS Capturing Application Application F&C Interface F&C Middleware F&C Middleware
Capture Business Xactions & F&C Events
Push Sharing
Systems Mgmt
Green boxes represent Specs. Blue boxes represent roles, not necessarily discrete components
Reader Protocol / Mgmt Interface

Reader Reader
Tag Protocol (Gen2) / Tag Data Std

2004 EPCglobal
Tag Tag
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EPC Event Layers

R R
Enterprise App EPCIS Palletizer (Operational App) ALE RFID Middleware Reader Protocol Reader Reader
at time T, the association of the following case tags to the following pallet tag was created at palletizer #3
between the time the case crossed the first beam and the second beam at location L, the following tag was read
dozens of individual tag read events from specific antenna
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EPCIS Concepts
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Capture Application
Retailer Dist Ctr Store Dist Ctr
Manufacturer
Tagging Station
Palletizer
Dock Portal
Dock Portal
Rack
Dock Portal
Backroom Receipt
Impact Doorway
Operational Apps
Commission Observe Observe Aggregate Observe Shipment Observe Observe Receipt Putaway Observe Shipment Observe Disaggregate Observe Restock
EPCIS Events
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Gen 2
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Inlay Costs
Alien C1G1
US$0.129 Qty > 1m - 13 Sept 2005 * US$0.079 Qty > 1m - 20 Sept 2005 *
Avery Dennison C1G2
Inlay is the functional part of the tag

Includes the integrated circuit and antenna Usually "converted" to a tag

by being placed in a plastic sleeve, adhesive, or other
housing that allows it to be stuck to items.
*Source RFID Update
The final tag cost is therefore considerably more than that of the bare inlay, often by two or three times.
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Tag Costs
RSI ID Technologies
Finished, fully-validated, ready-to-use Gen2 RFID labels Under US$0.149, Qty > 1m 22 Sept 2005 *
*Source RFID Journal 23 Sept
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Gen 2 - Reader Costs
Applied Wireless Identifications (AWID)
MPR-3014
EPCglobal Gen 2 certified 4 antenna port reader WITH 4 antennas US$1,000 each *.
* Source RFID Update 26 Sept 2005
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AUTO-ID LABS
Gen 2 Compliance Certificates
Reader Vendors

Alien Technology Applied Wireless Devices (2) Impinj Intermec Technologies (2) MaxID Group Symbol Technologies ThingMagic
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AUTO-ID LABS

Chip Vendors
Impinj Inc.
Monza
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AUTO-ID LABS

Test Centres
Pacific RFID Performance Solutions; Hsinchu, Taiwan Kimberly-Clark Corp. Auto-ID Sensing Technologies Performance Test Center; USA METRO Group AG/GS1 Germany RFID Test Center, Germany RFID Research Center, University of Arkansas, USA
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AUTO-ID LABS
Gen 2 Chip Suppliers

Impinj

Monza 96 epc XRAG2 Supports KILL 432-bit memory (2 offerings)

Three memory banks (64 bits TID, 304 bits for EPC code and 64 bits reserved) Four memory banks (128 bits user, 64 bits TID, 176 bits for EPC code and 64 bits reserved). US$0.07, Qty > 100,000
ST Microelectronics

Philips Texas Instruments

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ISO Standards
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AUTO-ID LABS
RF Regulations
Regulators Classify RFID as Industrial, Scientific and Medical use ISM bands 125-134 kHz (ISO 18000-2) 13.56 MHz or HF (ISO 18000-3) 433 MHz (ISO 18000-7) 860 to 960 MHz or UHF (ISO 18000-6) 2.45 GHz (ISO 18000-4) 5.8 GHz (no ISO standard)
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AUTO-ID LABS
Other RFID Standards

ISO_IEC_18000-1
Reference architecture and definition of parameters to be standardized Application requirements profiles RFID Tag and Interrogator Performance Test Methods Test methods for air interface communications below 135 kHz Test methods for air interface communications at 13,56 MHz Test methods for air interface communications at 2.45 GHz Test methods for air interface communications at 860 to 960 MHz Test methods for air interface communications at 433 MHz Harmonised Vocabulary Elementary Tag Licence Plate functionality, for 18000-2 to 18000-7
ISO_IEC_TR_18001
ISO_IEC_18046
ISO_IEC_TR_18047-2
ISO_IEC_TR_18047-3
ISO_IEC_TR_18047-4
ISO_IEC_TR_18047-6
ISO_IEC_TR_18047-7
ISO_IEC_19762
ISO_IEC_24710
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AUTO-ID LABS
Other Relevant ISO Standards

ISO_IEC_15418
EAN/UCC Application Identifiers and Fact Data Identifiers and Maintenance Data Carrier Identifiers (including Symbology Identifiers) Transfer syntax for high capacity ADC media
ISO_IEC_15424
ISO_IEC_15434
ISO_IEC_15459-Parts 1 & 2
Unique identification of transport units

Part 1: General Part 2: Registration procedures
ISO_IEC_15961
Data protocol: application interface Data protocol: data encoding rules and logical memory functions Unique identification for RF tags
ISO_IEC_15962
ISO_IEC_15963
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Regulatory
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ITU Region 1 (EU and Africa)

AUTO-ID LABS
EN300-220 & EN302-208
CEPT countries
869.4 - 869.65 MHz : 500mW erp : DC<10% 865.6 - 867.6 MHz : 2W erp : LBT 869.4 - 869.65 MHz : 500mW erp 915.2 - 915.4 MHz : 8 W eirp
South Africa
Note: all of the above operate in < 250kHz channels

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ITU Region 2 (Americas)

AUTO-ID LABS
FCC Part 15.247
USA, Canada and Mexico

902 - 928 MHz : 4W EIRP FHSS, 500kHz wide channels permitted relaxed emission requirements within the whole band.
Central & South America

Generally similar to North America but varies from country to country.
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ITU Region 3 (Asia)

Australia

918 - 926 MHz : 1W EIRP 920 926 MHz : 4W EIRP

Experimental Strict conditions apply
New Zealand
864 - 868 MHz : 4W EIRP Generally follow CEPT some exceptions below China 917 to 922 2W ERP Hong Kong 865-868 2W ERP & 920-925 4W EIRP Japan 952 - 954 MHz : 4W EIRP (licensed) Malaysia 919-923 MHz, 2W ERP Singapore 866-869 MHz 0.5W ERP & 923-925 2W ERP (licence) South-Korea 910 914 MHz Taiwan 922-928 1W ERP (indoor) 0.5W (outdoor)
Elsewhere in Asia

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Australian 4W RFID licence
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Experimental Licence
The original licence for RFID
1W EIRP, 918 to 926 MHz Granted to GS1 Australia 12 July 2005 Operates from 920 to 926 MHz Only licence that will be granted
Experimental 4W EIRP Licence

Statistics needed to determine possible interference to Vodaphone
Receiver base station at 915 MHz

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GS1 Contact
For details contact Fiona Wilson fwilson@gs1au.org
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Future?
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Future
RFID deployed in supply chains Anything that is mobile is a candidate RFID used for item management
Retail, Pharmaceutical, Asset Management, Access, Airline Baggage, Credit Cards, Money, Food Traceability, Security, Authentication, etc.
Integrated Mobile Phone
Connected to internet RFID reader

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RFID and Sensors

RFID with sensors
Ubiquitous Sensors VeriChip Ubiquitous Health
Bio-sensors and RFID

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Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA)

25th Sept 2005
ISA combines three systems:

GPS for location Video recognition of speed signs
RFID devices in speed signs which transmit information to passing cars.
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New Technologies
MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems ) Printed & Organic Electronics Atomic Electronics
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New Technologies - 2
Smart Dust or eGrains (Smart Stones)
Tiny smart processors Wirelessly connected to each Invisible network, adhoc Sharing data Reporting sensor information
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Conclusions
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AUTO-ID LABS
Conclusions
RFID is NOW
Gen 2 available, inlays less than 10 cents Many people working on those standards
> 1500 people within EPCglobal workgroups
Many RFID related Standards Published

Multi-vendor support for the standards Conformance documents being published/developed Many GS1 countries already have band allocations Australia well placed (2nd best in the world)
4W EIRP 12 by 500 kHz wide channels
UHF band opening up

Future RFID
Limited by Imagination
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AUTO-ID LABS
Further Information
Alfio Grasso Deputy Director Auto-ID Lab, Adelaide General Manager
RFID Automation
University of Adelaide Web: www.rfidautomation.org Email : alf@rfidautomation.org Ph: (08) 8303 6473 Mob: 0402 037 968
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Mapping The Landscape How RFID is Revolutionising The World Around US

Alfio Grasso Deputy Director Auto-ID Lab, ADELAIDE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE

Rising from the ashes!

EPCglobal ISO Regulatory

International Quality & Productivity Centre RFID Integration 2005

International Quality & Productivity Centre RFID Integration 2005

Matrics (Symbol) Tags Class 0

International Quality & Productivity Centre RFID Integration 2005

Alien Technology Tags Class 1 Gen 1

International Quality & Productivity Centre RFID Integration 2005

Intermec Tags 18000-6TB

International Quality & Productivity Centre RFID Integration 2005

International Quality & Productivity Centre RFID Integration 2005

International Quality & Productivity Centre RFID Integration 2005

Gen 2 Compliant Readers

International Quality & Productivity Centre RFID Integration 2005

International Quality & Productivity Centre RFID Integration 2005

* Term defined by John Greaves, CHEP International

Steady development ever since

International Quality & Productivity Centre RFID Integration 2005

Early UHF work

1988 Modulated Backscatter Technology

Discrete diodes ISD Amtech SCS Philips IBM=>Intermec

Late 90s single chip UHF RFID

International Quality & Productivity Centre RFID Integration 2005

UHF activity started in 2000

International Quality & Productivity Centre RFID Integration 2005

WAL*MART mandate (2003)

Spawned two organisations

International Quality & Productivity Centre RFID Integration 2005

Founded 1999 Product July 2002

Founded 1995 Cheap Tag Program, 2001 Product Q1 2002

International Quality & Productivity Centre RFID Integration 2005

International Quality & Productivity Centre RFID Integration 2005

RFID Market To Reach $7.26Bn In 2008 *

1.8 billion RFID tags have been sold to 2005.

Key volume applications for RFID technology

EPCglobal ISO Regulatory

International Quality & Productivity Centre RFID Integration 2005

EPCglobal Standards Development Process

International Quality & Productivity Centre RFID Integration 2005

Architectural Review Committee

Business Steering Committee

Technology Steering Committee

Public Policy Steering Committee

Business Action Group - HLS

Hardware Action Group

International Quality & Productivity Centre RFID Integration 2005

Membership Aug 2005

International Quality & Productivity Centre RFID Integration 2005

Standards Development Process

International Quality & Productivity Centre RFID Integration 2005

Technical Steering Committee (TSC)

International Quality & Productivity Centre RFID Integration 2005

FMCG Working Groups

International Quality & Productivity Centre RFID Integration 2005

HLS Working Groups

International Quality & Productivity Centre RFID Integration 2005

TLS - Working Groups

International Quality & Productivity Centre RFID Integration 2005

HAG Working Groups

International Quality & Productivity Centre RFID Integration 2005

SAG Working Groups