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Dr. S. S. Hiremath Asst. Prof. & I/c Pedodontics & Preventive Dentistry Community Dentistry CODS. BPKIHS Dharan, Nepal.
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Dental Anatomy
Introduction Dental Formulae Types of Dentition Types of teeth Tooth Anatomy Eruption Exfoliation Applied aspects
Introduction
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Introduction
Humans evolved as omnivores, and our teeth reflect this history. We have relatively pathetic canine teeth compared to cats and even other primates such as baboons. Our premolars and molars and not nearly as efficient as those of ruminants or horses for grinding tough plant material. Nonetheless, our teeth generally serve us well for the kind of diet we consume.
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Introduction
Teeth are very important to an animal as they are used for eating, grooming and defense. Consequently, dental problems, if not treated, often lead to more generalized illness. Mammals have teeth of different sizes and shapes, a condition known as heterodonty, allowing different teeth to be specialized for different tasks. These specialized teeth include: Incisors (I) Canine teeth (C) Premolars (P) Molars (M)
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Introduction
The third molars of humans are also known as "wisdom teeth". These teeth typically emerge between 17 and 25 years of age, and often crowd other teeth such that they must be pulled. Some people don't have wisdom teeth, which spares them this trauma.
In human dental anatomy the canine teeth are refered to as the eyeteeth and the premolars as the bicuspids.
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Dental Formulae
Dental formulae are used to indicate the number of each type of tooth for a given species. Because the jaw is bilaterally symetrical, only one half of the jaw is described. The incisors are indicated first, followed by the canine, promolars and molars. The maxillary arcade or upper jaw is listed over the mandibular arcade or lower jaw.
upper :I C P M :2 1 2 3 Lower I C P M :2 1 2 3
Individual teeth can also be denoted: The first lower incisor would be I1 and the second upper molar would be M2.
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Dental Formulae
Deciduous
2102 2102
= 10
Permanent 2 1 2 3 2123
= 16
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Dental Formulae
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Dental Formulae
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Types of Dentition
Primary Teeth: Most babies are both with no teeth showing (Gum Pads). The 20 primary teeth erupt over the time from about 6 months to years.
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Types of Dentition
Permanent Teeth: Primary teeth fall out and are replaced by 32 permanent teeth. This happens over the time from when a child is from about 6 to 14 years old. As a permanent tooth forms under the gums and in the jawbone, the roots of the primary tooth undergo resorption. Then the primary tooth becomes loose and falls out. The permanent tooth will fill the space.
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Types of Teeth
INCISORS, CUSPIDS, BICUSPIDS, AND MOLARS
Incisors are the large, thin, rectangular-shaped teeth located in the front of your mouth. These teeth cut food for your mouth like sharp scissors. Canines/cuspids are next to the incisors, One tooth per quadrant, and are sharp and pointed. These teeth tear food. Premolars/bicuspids are the teeth behind the canines. Two teeth per quadrant. They tear and crush food. Molars are the teeth located in the back of your mouth. Three teeth per quadrant. They are flatter and wider than the other teeth. The word molar means millstone, since these teeth work similar to a millstone, grinding food.
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Types of Teeth
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Tooth Anatomy
The tooth is attached to a "socket" in the jaw bone called an alveolus. The attachment is through a fibrous capsule called the gomphosis. Brachydont or low-crowned teeth are what is seen in man, carnivores such as dogs and cats, and pigs. This type of tooth consists of a crown above the gingiva, a constricted neck at the gum line, and a root embedded in the jawbone.
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Tooth Anatomy
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The most important function of the pulp is the production of dentin. Various cells are present, which not only help lay down tooth structure, but nourish the cells which lay down the tooth structure as well. Provides sensation through two sources. The majority of innervation is from unmyelinated fibers of the sympathetic nervous system, which regulate lumen size of the blood vessels. Additionally, myelinated sensory nerves of the trigeminal system are also present. Please note that pulp cannot differentiate between heat, touch, cold, pressure or chemicals; all are interpreted as pain. Nutrition. The high vascularity of the pulp ensures that dentin is nourished via the odontoblasts and processes. The pulp contains defensive cells (i.e. histiocytes) and has the ability to respond to injury by an inflammatory process.
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II.
III.
IV.
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TOOTH
DENTINE
Odontoblasts
PULP
CT cells
DENTAL SAC/FOLLICLE
CEMENTUM
Cementoblasts
A BONE
Crest
Tooth Anatomy
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Tooth Anatomy
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Occlusal anatomy
BUCCAL / LABIAL / FACIAL Pit D I S T A L Cusp PALATAL / LINGUAL
M E S I Fissure A L
Facial - Outer surface of teeth (labial + buccal) Lingual - Surface of tooth adjacent to the
tongue
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Eruption
While every child is different, most of the primary teeth (baby teeth) come in between the ages of 6 and 12 months. The following are general guidelines for the eruption of the baby teeth:
The first tooth to erupt is usually a middle, front tooth on the lower jaw, known as the central incisor. This is followed by the second central incisor on the lower jaw. Next, the four upper incisors usually come in. The above is followed by the first four molars, and the remaining bottom two lateral incisors. Lateral incisors are beside of (lateral to) the central incisors. Then the cuspids, or the pointed teeth, appear. Usually, after the child reaches 2 years old, the four second molars (the last of the baby teeth) appear.
The teeth on the upper jaw usually erupt one to two months after the same tooth on the lower jaw. There are a total of 20 primary teeth. There is normally a space between all the baby teeth. This leaves room for the larger permanent teeth to erupt.
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Tooth Eruption
Deciduous
Incisors 6 - 10 months Canine 16 - 20 months Premolars Molars 10 - 24 months
Permanent
7 - 8 years 11 years 11 - 13 years 6 - 25 years
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Eruption
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Exfoliation
A child will begin losing his/her primary teeth (baby teeth) around the age of 6.
The first teeth to be lost are usually the central incisors. This is then followed by the eruption of the first permanent molars.
The last baby tooth is usually lost around the age of 12, and is the cuspid or second molar. There will be a total of 32 permanent, or adult, teeth. 1/17/2013 Dr. S S Hiremath
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Oral
Pre-oral
These 12 teeth require a very coordinated remodelling of the bone (& PDL) supporting & enclosing them
3rd
TILTING mechanism may be useful, e.g., in bringing upright the third molar that starts tilted
Failure can lead to an impacted molar still within the bone
Protect enamel
ERUPTION: Problems
Delayed eruption
Early eruption
Missing tooth
Impaction - failure to erupt e.g., from too little gap after premature loss of deciduous tooth
Retained root fragment Malocclusion Infra-occlusion (not high enough) Excessive drift Tilting (can occur early from germ rotation)
PERIODONTITIS
TOOTH EPITHELIAL ATTACHMENTunstable, loosens & migrates down, & allows bacteria into CONNECTIVE TISSUE resulting in chronic infection & inflammation & systemic spread of bacteria & loss of teeth
GINGIVA
Periodontal ligament
Alveolar bone
Thank You
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