Computer Communication & Networks

Lecture # 02 Course Instructor: Engr. Sana Ziafat

Layering & Protocol Stacks

Reference Models

OSI reference model TCP/IP

OSI Reference model

Open System Interconnection 7 layers Crate a layer when different abstraction is needed Each layer performs a well define function Functions of the layers chosen taking internationally standardized protocols Number of layers large enough to avoid complexity

1.

2.
3.

4.

Seven layers of the OSI model

Exchange using OSI Model

Peer-to-peer Processes

Layer x on one machine communicates with layer x on another machine - called Peer-to-Peer Processes. Interfaces between Layers Each interface defines what information and services a layer must provide for the layer above it. Well defined interfaces and layer functions provide modularity to a network Organizations of the layers Network support layers : Layers 1, 2, 3 User support layer : Layer 5, 6, 7 It allows interoperability among unrelated software systems Transport layer (Layer 4) : links the two subgroups

The interaction between layers in the OSI model

OSI Layers

Physical layer
physical connection

Transporting bits from one end node to the next

- type of the transmission media (twisted-pair, coax, optical fiber, air) - bit representation (voltage levels of logical values) - data rate (speed) - synchronization of bits (time synchronization) - deals with the optical, mechanical and electrical features - transmission modes ( half duplex, full duplex)

Note
The physical layer is responsible for movements of individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.

Protocols: - Modems - Optical Cables, Connectors Network Devices: - Hubs, Repeaters, and Amplifier.

Data Link layer

logical connection

Transporting frames from one end node to the next one - framing - flow control - access control - physical addressing - error control

Data Link layer

- hop-to-hop delivery-

Data Link layer

- example-

Note
The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop (node) to the next.

Network Devices: -Bridge, Switch, ISDN Router, Intelligent Hub, NIC, Advanced Cable Tester

Protocols: Logical Link Control error correction and flow control manages link control and defines SAPs

Media Access Control controls the type of media being used: 802.3 CSMA/CD (Ethernet) 802.4 Token Bus (ARCnet) 802.5 Token Ring 802.12 Demand Priority

Network Layer

The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the source host to the destination host.

Network layer
Not a message

End-to-End packet delivery

From the original source to a destination

Needed when 2 devices are attached to different networks

What is the network definition here?

Logical addressing Routing Switching Congestion control and QoS
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Main duties:
1. 2. 3. 4.

Source to destination delivery

Data Link Network layer

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Network layer
- example -

Network layer addresses Data Link layer addresses

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Note
The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the source host to the destination host.

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Router works as the post office and network layer stamps the letters (data) for the specific destinations. Protocols: These protocols work on the network layer IP, ICMP, ARP, RIP, OSI, IPX and OSPF. Network Devices: Network devices including Router, Frame Relay device and ATM switch devices work on the network layer.

Transport layer

Process-to-Process delivery of the entire message

From the original source to a destination

Needed when several processes (running programs) active at the same time Main tasks:

Port addressing Segmentation and reassembly Congestion control Flow control Error control
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Transport Layer
The transport layer is responsible for the delivery

of a message from one process to another.

Transport Layer

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Transport layer -an example of a reliable delivery -

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Note
The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a message from one process to another.

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Protocols: These protocols work on the transport layer TCP, UDP, SPX, NETBIOS, ATP and NWLINK. Network Devices: The Brouter, Gateway and Cable tester work on the transport layer.

Note
The session layer is responsible for dialog control and synchronization.

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Session Layer

The session layer is responsible for dialog control and synchronization.

Presentation Layer

Presentation layer is a best layer for cryptography.

Note
The presentation layer is responsible for translation, compression, and encryption.

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Application Layer

The application layer is responsible for providing services to the user.

Services provided by Application layer:

- File transfer, Access - Mail services

Application layer

Enables user to access the network Provides services to a user

E-mail Remote file access and transfer (Telnet, FTP) Access to WWW (HTTP)

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Note
The application layer is responsible for providing services to the user.

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Protocols: FTP, DNS, SNMP, SMTP, FINGER, TELNET, TFTP, BOOTP and SMB protocol are operated on the application layer. Network Devices: Gateway network device is operated on the application layer.

OSI Reference Model

A convenient aid for remembering the OSI layer names is to use the first letter of each word in the phrase: All People Seem To Need Data Processing

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Summary of layers and protocols

Low-level protocols define the electrical and physical standards to be observed, bit- and byte-ordering and the transmission and error detection and correction of the bit stream High-level protocols deal with the data formatting, including the syntax of messages, the terminal to computer dialogue, character sets, sequencing of messages
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TCP/IP Protocol

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TCP/IP Vs OSI Model

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Four Level of Addresses

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Relationship of Layers & Addresses in TCP/IP

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Note
The physical addresses will change from hop to hop, but the logical addresses usually remain the same.

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Example 2.1
In Figure 2.19 a node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a node with physical address 87. The two nodes are connected by a link (bus topology LAN). As the figure shows, the computer with physical address 10 is the sender, and the computer with physical address 87 is the receiver.

Figure 2.19 Physical addresses

Example 2.2
As we will see in later lectures, most local-area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical address written as 12 hexadecimal digits; every byte (2 hexadecimal digits) is separated by a colon, as shown below:

07:01:02:01:2C:4B
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.

Example 2.3
Figure 2.20 shows a part of an internet with two routers connecting three LANs. Each device (computer or router) has a pair of addresses (logical and physical) for each connection. In this case, each computer is connected to only one link and therefore has only one pair of addresses. Each router, however, is connected to three networks (only two are shown in the figure). So each router has three pairs of addresses, one for each connection.

Figure 2.20 IP addresses

Example 2.4
Figure 2.21 shows two computers communicating via the Internet. The sending computer is running three processes at this time with port addresses a, b, and c. The receiving computer is running two processes at this time with port addresses j and k. Process a in the sending computer needs to communicate with process j in the receiving computer. Note that although physical addresses change from hop to hop, logical and port addresses remain the same from the source to destination.

Figure 2.21 Port addresses

Example 2.5
As we will see in later chapters, a port address is a 16-bit address represented by one decimal number as shown.

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A 16-bit port address represented as one single number.

Readings

Chapter 2 (B. A Forouzan)

Section 2.2,2.3, 2.4, 2.5

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Q&A