Different Type of Air Standard (Otto and Diesel Cycle)

Air Standard Cycle
The accurate analysis of IC process is very completed. In order to

Because of the complex chemical reactions that take place when
fuel burns and friction and heat transfer between the gases and
the cylinder. It is therefore a usual practice to analyze the cycle
Making some simplifying assumptions.
The assumptions are as follows:
The working fluid is a perfect/ideal gas through out i.e. it
follows the PV= mRT
m = mass (Kg), V= volume occupied(m
3
),
= Universal gas constant (8.314 KJ/Kg
o
K)
M = Molecular weight of gas

M
R
__
M
R
__
M
R
R
__
=
__
R
Engr. Md. Irteza Hossain, Faculty,
Mechanical Engineering, IUBAT
Air Standard Cycle
The working fluid is a fixed mass of air either contained in a closed
system or flowing at a constant rate round a closed circuit. The intake
and exhaust process are not considered.

The physical constants of the working medium are the same as those
of air at standard atmospheric conditions, i.e molecular weight=29
Specific heat at constant pressure (C
P
)= 1.005 KJ/kg
o
K
Specific heat at constant volume ( C
v
)= 0.718 KJ/kg
o
K

Adiabatic index,

4 . 1
718 . 0
005 . 1
= = =
CV
Cp

Air Standard Cycle
The working medium has a constant specific heat having following
relation:
C
p
- C
v
= R and C
V
=
The working medium does not undergo any chemical change through
out the cycle
The combustion process is replaced by a heat transfer process from
an external source.
The cycle is completed by heat rejection to the surrounding until the
air temperature corresponds to initial condition
All process that constitute the cycle are reversible i.e no loss or gain
of entropy

1) (
R

Air Standard Cycle
The compression and expansion processes are reversible adiabatic
The operation of the engine is frictionless.
Because of the simplified assumptions, the peak temperature, the
pressure, the work output and the thermal efficiency calculated by the
Analysis of an air standard cycle are higher than those found in an
Actual engine. However, the analysis shows the relative effects of the
principal variable such as compression ratio, inlet pressure, inlet
temperature effect on the engine performance
The main use of ideal cycle is that it is amenable to simple
mathematical calculation based on perfect gas law and can give
rough answer on the effect on principal values such as r, inlet t, P
Otto Cycle or constant volume cycle
Process 1-2 : Reversible adiabatic
or isentropic process. There is no
heat transfer
Process 2-3: Reversible constant
volume heating
Process 3-4: Reversible adiabatic
or isentropic expansion. There is no
heat transfer
volume heat rejection.

Otto Cycle or constant volume cycle
Derivation of Thermal
efficiency and mean effective
pressure:
V
s
= Swept volume
V
c
= Clearance volume
V1= total cylinder volume = V
s
+ V
c
Compression ration
Supplied Heat
rejected Heat Supplied Heat
Supplied Heat
done Work
Ef f iciency Thermal The
V
V
Vc
Vc Vs
volume Clearnce
volume cylinder Total
r ratio n Compressio
= =
=
+
= =
q ,
2
1
,
Thermal Efficiency of Otto Cycle

--------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------

1
2
1
pp
1
Q
Q
lied su Heat
rejected Heat
= = q
r
1
1
1

=

q
The effect of compression ratio on thermal efficiency
The thermal efficiency of
the cycle increase with increase
of compression ratio
At a higher value of adiabatic
exponent thermal
efficiency() is also increases
For a given value of
compression ratio and adiabatic
exponent , the thermal value is
constant and does not depend on
amount heat supplied
Heat supplied is directly
proportional to the load and hence
the thermal efficiency does not
depend on the engine load
( )
Mean Effective Pressure
Mean effective Pressure,

Volume Swept
Done Work
P pressure Effective Mean m = ) (
Vs
W
=
diagram the of Length
diagram indicator the of Area
r
P
P pressure Effective Mean
r
m
=

=
) 1 )( 1 (
) 1 (
) (
1
q o

addition heat at ratio pressure
bar pressure Initial p as Where
=
=
o
) ( 1
Mean effective pressure
) 1 )( 1 (
1
1 =

r
T mc W v
o

The work output of the cycle increases with pressure
ratio() and compression ratio (r)
The increase of the pressure ratio result in increase of
amount of heat received
ANALYSIS
Variation of Pm versus Pressure ratio()
Pm increase with Pressure ratio() and
compression ratio (r)
All the analysis of Pm and of the cycle
shows that using higher compression
ratio (r) is the effective way of improving
the performance of the engine
> the value of r is restricted to ensure of avoiding auto ignition
and detonation
) 1 )( 1 (
) 1 (
) (
1

=
r
P
r
m
q o

Problem and solution
A gas engine working on the otto cycle has cylinder bore of
200mm and stroke length of 250 mm. The clearance volume is
1570 cm
3.
The pressure and temperature at the beginning of
compression are 1 bar and 27
o
C respectively. The maximum
temperature of the cycle is 1400
o
C. Determine the pressure and
temperature at the salient points, the air standard efficiency,
the work done and mean effective pressure . ( For air , take C
v
=
0.718 KJ/Kg
o
K) and R =0.287 KJ/Kg
o
K).Also calculate the ideal
power developed by the engine, if the number of working
cycles per minute is 500.

In an ideal otto cycle the air at the beginning of isentropic
compression is at 1 bar at 15
o
C. The compression ratio is 8. If
the heat rejected during the constant volume process is 1000
KJ/Kg, determine
The maximum temperature in the cycle
The air standard cycle efficiency
The work done per kg of air
The heat rejected
Considering C
v
=0.718 and =1.4

In a petrol engine the swept volume ( Stroke volume) is 0.13 m
3.

The temperature T1= 2000
o
K, T2= 977
o
K, T3= 333
o
K and T4= 681
o
K. The engine produces power stroke one in 2 revolution. The
Engine runs at 1000 rpm. Calculate

Heat supplied
Heat rejected
Work done ( all per cycle and per minute)
If CV of fuel is 4500 J/Kg, what amount of fuel is required per minute?
Use C
v
= 713 J/Kg oK , m= 0.1615 Kg.

Diesel Cycle or constant pressure cycle
In SI engine the upper limit of compression ratio is
limited by self ignition temperature of the fuel
This limitation of compression ration is circumvented if
air and fuel is compressed separately and bought
together at the time of combustion
The fuel is injected in to the cylinder which contains
compressed air at a high temperature than self ignition
temperature of the fuel
The fuel is ignite on its own accord and requires no
special device for ignition
Process 1-2 : Reversible adiabatic
or isentropic process. There is no
heat transfer
pressure heating
Process 3-4: Reversible adiabatic
or isentropic expansion. There is no
heat transfer
volume heat rejection.

Derivation of Thermal
efficiency and mean effective
pressure:
V
s
= Swept volume
V
c
= Clearance volume
V1= total cylinder volume = V
s
+ V
c
Compression ration
Supplied Heat
rejected Heat Supplied Heat
Supplied Heat
done Work
Ef f iciency Thermal The
V
V
Vc
Vc Vs
volume Clearnce
volume cylinder Total
r ratio n Compressio
= =
=
+
= =
q ,
2
1
,
) (
) ( int
) (
2
3
V volume Clearance
V cutoff of po the at Volume
ratio off Cut = |
Thermal Efficiency of Diesel Cycle

--------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------

1
2
1
pp
1
Q
Q
lied su Heat
rejected Heat
= = q
]
) 1 (
1
[
1
1
1
=

|
|
q

r
Mean Effective Pressure
Mean effective Pressure,

Pm increases with initial pressure p1, adiabatic index , r. The cut off
ratio increases when large amount of heat received, which increases Pm,
and reduces

Volume Swept
Done Work
P pressure Effective Mean m = ) (
Vs
W
=
diagram the of Length
diagram indicator the of Area
r
P
r
m
=

=
) 1 )( 1 (
) 1 (
) (
1
| q

) ( ) ( 1 4 2 3 2 1 T T mc T T mc Q Q W v p = =

The thermal efficiency of a diesel cycle depends on the
compression ration r, adiabatic exponent & the cut off
ratio .
The air standard thermal efficiency of otto cycle is

The air standard thermal efficiency of Diesel cycle

Diesel cycle differs from otto cycle by terms which
is always greater than unity. Therefore the air standard
efficiency of diesel cycle is less than otto cycle for same
compression ratio.

r
1
1
1

=

q
]
) 1 (
1
[
1
1
1
=

|
|
q

r
]
) 1 (
1
[
|
|
Graphical Analysis
The following figure shows that the thermal efficiency of a Diesel
cycle depends on the compression ratio( r), the adiabatic index
For a given value of the cutoff ration , the efficiency of the diesel
cycle increases with increase of cut off ratio

Thermal efficiency
An ideal diesel engine has a diameter of 15 cm and stroke 20
cm. The clearance volume is 10 percent of the swept volume.
Determine the compression ratio and the air standard
efficiency of the engine if the cutoff takes place at 6 percent
of the stroke.
In an engine working on Diesel cycle, the air fuel is 30:1. The
temp of the air at the beginning of compression is 27
o
C., the
compression ratio is 16:1. What is the ideal efficiency of the
engine? The calorific value of the fuel is 42000Kj/Kg
In a engine working on Diesel cycle, the inlet pressure is 1 bar.
The pressure at the end of isentropic compression is 32.425
bar. The ratio of expansion is 6. Calculate the air standard
efficiency and the mean effective pressure of the cycle.


Different Type of Air Standard (Otto and Diesel Cycle)

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Different Type of Air Standard (Otto and Diesel Cycle)

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Air Standard Cycle

The accurate analysis of IC process is very completed. In order to

Engr. Md. Irteza Hossain, Faculty,

Engr. Md. Irteza Hossain, Faculty,

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