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Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design basics of Column and Pressure Vessel


N Shaikh Manager Process Design Engineering Cell IOCL-RHQ
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Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Column

Process Design Basics of Column

The First Distillation Still ???

Process Design & Engg Cell

The First Distillation Still used in Digboi


Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation History

Process Design & Engg Cell

Early distillation consisted of simple batch stills to produce ethanol. Crude ethanol was placed in a still and heated, and the vapor drawn from the still was condensed for consumption. Lamp oil was later produced using the same method, with crude oil heated in batch stills.
Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation History
Furnace

Process Design & Engg Cell

Condenser

Batch Still Distillation Process


The next progression in the history of distillation was to continually feed the still and recover the light product
Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation History

Process Design & Engg Cell

Still Distillation in Series


Further advancements include placing the stills in series and interchanging the vapor and liquid from each still to improve recovery. This was the first type of counter-current distillation column that we have today
Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Fractionation

Process Design & Engg Cell

Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts, or fractions, such as in separating chemical compounds by their boiling point by heating them to a temperature at which several fractions of the compound will vaporize. Fractional distillation in a laboratory makes use of common laboratory glassware and apparatuses, typically including a Bunsen burner, a round-bottomed flask and a condenser, as well as the single-purpose fractionating column.
Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation vs Other Processes

Process Design & Engg Cell

Distillation is by far the most important separation process in the petroleum and chemical industries. It is the separation of key components in a mixture by the difference in their relative volatility, or boiling points. It is also known as fractional distillation or fractionation. Distillation can consume more than 50% of a plants operating energy cost. Alternatives to distillation process : Solvent extraction, membrane separation or adsorption process. These processes often have higher investment costs. Therefore, distillation remains the main choice in the industry, especially in large-scale applications.
Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Processes- Types


Fractional Distillation

Process Design & Engg Cell

Extractive Distillation

Reactive Distillation

Variations appear due to difficulty in separation when the physical properties of the components in a mixture are very close to one another, such as an azeotropic mixture.
Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Processes- Types

Process Design & Engg Cell

Fractional Distillation:
It is the separation of key components in a mixture by the difference in their relative volatility, or boiling points.

Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Processes- Types

Process Design & Engg Cell

Extractive Distillation
An external solvent is added to the system to increase the separation. The external solvent changes the relative volatility between two close components by extracting one of the components, forming a ternary mixture with different properties. The solvent is recycled into the system after the extracted component is separated from it.
Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Processes- Types

Process Design & Engg Cell

Extractive Distillation
An external solvent is added to the system to increase the separation. The external solvent changes the relative volatility between two close components by extracting one of the components, forming a ternary mixture with different properties. The solvent is recycled into the system after the extracted component is separated from it.
Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Processes- Types

Process Design & Engg Cell

Reactive Distillation
A distillation column may also have a catalyst bed and reaction occurring in it. This type of column is called a reactive distillation column. The targeted component reacts when it is in contact with the catalyst, thereby separated from the rest of the components in the mixture.
Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Processes- Types

Process Design & Engg Cell

Reactive Distillation
A distillation column may also have a catalyst bed and reaction occurring in it. This type of column is called a reactive distillation column. The targeted component reacts when it is in contact with the catalyst, thereby separated from the rest of the components in the mixture.
Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Processes- Types

Process Design & Engg Cell

Reactive Distillation
Process Design Basics of Column

Industrial distillation

Process Design & Engg Cell

Industrial distillation

Process Design & Engg Cell

Distillation is the most common form of separation technology used in petroleum refineries, petrochemical and chemical plants, natural gas processing and cryogenic air separation plants.

Industrial distillation is typically performed in large, vertical Cylindrical columns known as "distillation or fractionation towers" or "distillation columns" with diameters ranging from about 65 centimeters to 6 meters and heights ranging from about 6 meters to 60 meters or more.
Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Column/Fractionator

Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Column Internals

Process Design & Engg Cell

Critera of Distillation Column internals : To provide better mass and heat transfers between the liquid and vapor phases in the column. Include trays, packings, distributors and redistributors, baffles and etc. Promote an intimate contact between both Liq and Vap phases. The type of internals selected would determine the height and diameter of a column for a specified duty because different designs have various capacities and efficiencies.
Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Column Internals


Column internals: Two main types Trays Sieve Bubble Cap Valve Trays Packing Random : Rings, saddles Structure

Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Column Internals

Process Design & Engg Cell

Feed :
Liquid Vapor Mixture of vapor-liquid

The vapor phase that travels up the column is in contact with the liquid phase that travels down.

Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Column Internals

Process Design & Engg Cell

Vap- Liq pathways inside the column :


The vapor phase that travels up the column is in contact with the liquid phase that travels down.

Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Column Internals

Process Design & Engg Cell

Column distillation is divided two stages :

Rectifying stages
Striping stages

Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Column Internals


Rectifying Stages

Process Design & Engg Cell

The process above the feed tray is known as rectification.


Vapor phase is continually enriched in the light components which will finally make up the overhead product. A liquid recycle condenses the less volatile components from rising vapor. To generate the liquid recycle, cooling is applied to condense a portion of the overhead vapor and termed as reflux.
Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Column Internals


Stripping Stages

Process Design & Engg Cell

The process below the feed tray is known as stripping Heavier components are being stripped off and concentrated in the liquid phase to form the bottom product. At the top of the column, vapor enters the condenser where heat is removed. Some liquid is returned to the column as reflux to limit the loss of heavy components overhead.
Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Column Overhead


Condenser
Total Condenser

Process Design & Engg Cell

All vapors leaving the top of the column is condensed to liquid so that the reflux stream and overhead product have the same composition.

Partial Condenser
In a partial condenser , only a portion of the vapor entering the condenser is condensed to liquid. Condensed liquid is refluxed into the column and the overhead product drawn is in the vapor form. In many cases only part of the condensed liquid is refluxed. In these cases, there will be two overhead products, one a liquid with the same composition as the reflux stream while the other is a vapor product that is in equilibrium with the liquid reflux.

Distillation Column Overhead


Total Condenser

Process Design & Engg Cell

Condenser
Total Condenser
All vapors leaving the top of the column is condensed to liquid so that the reflux stream and overhead product have the same composition.

Partial Condenser
Partial Condenser

In a partial condenser , only a portion of the vapor entering the condenser is condensed to liquid. Condensed liquid is refluxed into the column and the overhead product drawn is in the vapor form. In many cases only part of the condensed liquid is refluxed. In these cases, there will be two overhead products, one a liquid with the same composition as the reflux stream while the other is a vapor product that is in equilibrium with the liquid reflux.

Distillation Column Internals


Distillation Column
Tray Column

Process Design & Engg Cell

Packed Column
Baffle Tray Random Packed Column Structur ed Packed Column Grid Packed Column

Bubble Cap Tray

Sieve Deck Tray

Dual Flow Tray

Valve Tray

Shed Decks Tray

Side to Side Tray

Disk and Donuts Tray

Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Column Internals


Tray Column

Process Design & Engg Cell

Utilize a pressure and temperature differential to separate the products. For most tray columns, the weir holds a liquid level of each tray. Liquid enters from the downcomer of the tray above. The vapor must overcome this liquid head to move up the column. On the tray the vapor and liquid are contacted becomes bubble or froth where the mass transfer takes place and then above the tray they are separated where froth flows over the outlet weir and vapor with the light volatile compound is disengaged.
Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Column Internals


Tray Column-advantages

Process Design & Engg Cell

Tray column performs well in high liquid and vapor loading. Tray have higher pressure drop than packed. Tray also have high resistance to corrosion.

Tray Column-Types
Five major types of tray column : Bubble Cap Sieve Dual Flow Valve Baffle
Shed Deck, Side to Side, Disk and donuts
Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Column Tray


Bubble Cap Tray

Process Design & Engg Cell

A bubble cap tray is perforated flat which has a riser (chimney) for each hole cover with a cap mounted. Equipped with slots to allow the passage of vapor then the vapor will contact with liquid forming bubble on the next tray. It is able to operate at low vapor and liquid rates (less than 2 gpm per foot of average of flow width).
Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Column Tray


Bubble Cap Tray

Process Design & Engg Cell

A bubble cap tray is perforated flat which has a riser (chimney) for each hole cover with a cap mounted. Equipped with slots to allow the passage of vapor then the vapor will contact with liquid forming bubble on the next tray. It is able to operate at low vapor and liquid rates (less than 2 gpm per foot of average of flow width).
Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Column Tray


Bubble Cap Tray

Process Design & Engg Cell

A bubble cap tray is perforated flat which has a riser (chimney) for each hole cover with a cap mounted. Equipped with slots to allow the passage of vapor then the vapor will contact with liquid forming bubble on the next tray. It is able to operate at low vapor and liquid rates (less than 2 gpm per foot of average of flow width).
Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Column Tray


Sieve Deck Tray

Process Design & Engg Cell

Sieve deck tray is perforated plate with holes punched into the plate usually has holes 3/16 to 1 diameter. Vapor comes out from the holes to give a multi orifice effect. The vapor velocity keeps the liquid from flowing down through the holes (weeping). The number and hole size are based on vapor flow up the tower. The liquid flow is transported down the tower by down-comers, a dam and overflow device on the side on the plate. Sieve deck tray has a minimum capacity approximately 70%
Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Column Tray


Sieve Deck Tray

Process Design & Engg Cell

Sieve deck tray is perforated plate with holes punched into the plate usually has holes 3/16 to 1 diameter. Vapor comes out from the holes to give a multi orifice effect. The vapor velocity keeps the liquid from flowing down through the holes (weeping). The number and hole size are based on vapor flow up the tower. The liquid flow is transported down the tower by down-comers, a dam and overflow device on the side on the plate. Sieve deck tray has a minimum capacity approximately 70%

Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Column Tray


Dual flow tray

Process Design & Engg Cell

Dual flow is a sieve tray without down comer. The term dual flow comes from the countercurrent flow of the vapor and liquid through the perforations. Vapor move up to the tray above through the hole while the liquid turn down in the same hole that result maldistribution and low efficiency. Typical perforation sizes range between 1/2 and 1 in diameter. Dual flow trays best suit systems containing a moderate to high solids content or polymerizable compounds. High open area dual flow trays have a higher capacity and lower pressure drop than comparably spaced fractionation trays.
Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Column Tray


Valve Tray

Process Design & Engg Cell

Valve Tray is using valve which is rise as vapor rate increase and then reduce as vapor rate fails.

This stop the liquid from weeping.


Valve can be round or rectangular, with or without caging structured.

Valve disk rise as vapor rate increase.


Valve tray has approximately 60%. minimum capacity

Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Column Tray


Valve Tray

Process Design & Engg Cell

Valve Tray is using valve which is rise as vapor rate increase and then reduce as vapor rate fails.
This stop the liquid from weeping. Valve can be round or rectangular, with or without caging structured. Valve disk rise as vapor rate increase. Valve tray has minimum capacity approximately 60%.

Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Column Tray


Baffle Tray

Process Design & Engg Cell

Baffle trays are trays of low fouling pot ential, with low efficiency. They have open areas approaching 50% where a high efficiency tray will have an open area of less than 15%. The down-comers require a disengaging area to separate the liquid from the vapor. This area requires a minimum distance that normally sets the tray spacing. The liquid is required to travel across the deck to the next down-comer. Baffle tray has three types: Shed Decks Trays Side to Side Trays Disk and Donuts Trays
Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Column Tray


Baffle Tray

Process Design & Engg Cell

Because of their open design, baffle trays are used in applications requiring high capacity, fouling resistance and low pressure drop. Vapor-liquid contacting takes place when the vapor passes through a curtain of liquid falling between trays, or through rivulets of liquid flowing through tray deck perforations. Tray decks may be level or slightly inclined and typically occupy 40-60% of the tower cross-sectional area. . Baffle trays are well suited for heat transfer applications including heavy oil refining and petrochemical oil refining and petrochemical heat transfer services with high solids or petroleum coke content.
Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Column Tray


Baffle Tray

Process Design & Engg Cell

Side to side baffle trays


Side-to-side trays are trays that allow the liquid to splash from side to side. The decks can be sloped. Fouling potential of this tray is low, as with efficiency.

Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Column Tray

Process Design & Engg Cell

Baffle Tray
Disk and donut trays
Disk and donut trays are slightly sloped trays that allow the liquid to splash from inner circle ring to outer circle ring. Fouling potential of this tray is low along with the efficiency.

Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Column Tray

Process Design & Engg Cell

Baffle Tray
Disk and donut trays
Disk and donut trays are slightly sloped trays that allow the liquid to splash from inner circle ring to outer circle ring. Fouling potential of this tray is low along with the efficiency.

Schematic of a disk and donut baffle tray column for use as a steam condenser

Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Column Tray

Process Design & Engg Cell

Baffle Tray
Disk and donut trays
Disk and donut trays are slightly sloped trays that allow the liquid to splash from inner circle ring to outer circle ring. Fouling potential of this tray is low along with the efficiency.

Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Column Tray


Baffle Tray Shed Decks trays

Process Design & Engg Cell

Shed decks are essentially angle iron beams of various sizes from two to ten inches that are placed in rows across the column. They typically are at on 24 inch tray spacing. They may be set in overlapping rows or rotated 90 degrees from tray to tray.

Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Column with packing


Packed Column

Process Design & Engg Cell

Packed column utilize packing to contact between the phases (liquid-vapor) on the surface. A major advantage to packed columns is the reduction in pressure across the column. Typically the column pressure drop for a packed column is less than that of a trayed col umn because of the percent open area. Typical percent open area of a trayed column is 8 to 15%, whereas a packed column can approach 50%. Packed column is advantageous than tray for reduced foaming since generates thin films instead of fine droplets for mass and heat transfer.

Schematic diagram of a typical packed bed absorption column


Process Design Basics of Column

Packed column is divided by Random, Structured and Grid Packed Columns

Distillation Column with packing

Process Design & Engg Cell

Packed Column random packing


Random packing is packing of specific geometrical shapes which are dumped into the tower and orient themselves randomly. Random packing has more risk than structured packing and less ability to handle maldistributed liquid.

Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Column with packing

Process Design & Engg Cell

Packed Column-structured packing


Structure Packed column is crimped layers or corrugated sheets which is stacked in the column. Each layer is oriented at 70 to 90 to the layer below. Structured packed offers 30% capacities higher than random packed for equal efficiency up to 50% higher at the same capacity.

Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Column with packing

Process Design & Engg Cell

Packed Column-Grid packing


Grid packed column is systematically arranged packing use an open-lattice structure. This device is composed of panels that promote mass transfer and enhance entrainment removal.

They have high open area, resulting in high capacity, low pressure drop, and high tolerance to fouling.

Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Column Design


General Considerations

Process Design & Engg Cell

A tower design is normally divided into two main steps a process design followed by a mechanical design. The purpose of the process design is to calculate the number of required theoretical stages, column diameter and tower height. On the other hand, the mechanical design focuses on the tower internals and heat exchanger arrangements.

Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Column Design


Steps :

Process Design & Engg Cell

Determine the separation sequences, which depends on the relative volatility and concentration of each component in the feed
Performing a material balance for the column Determining the tower operating pressure (and/or temperature) Calculating the minimum number of theoretical stages using the Fenske equation Calculating the minimum reflux rate using the Underwood equations Determining the operating reflux rate and number of theoretical stages Selection of column internals (tray or packings)

Calculating the tower diameter and height


Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Column Design


The Selection of Column Internals :

Process Design & Engg Cell

The selection of column internals has a big impact on the column performance and the maintenance cost of a distillation tower.
There are several choices of column internals and the two major categories are trays and packing. The choice of which to utilize depends on the Pressure Fouling potential Liquid to vapor density ratio Liquid Loading Life Cycle Cost

Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Column Design


Criteria for Tray Column

Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Column Design


Criteria for Packed Column

Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Column Design


Important Thumb rule :

Process Design & Engg Cell

Tower operating pressure is determined most often by the temperature of the available cooling medium in the condenser or by the maximum allowable reboiler temperature.
Economically optimum reflux ratio is about 120% to 150% of the minimum reflux ratio. The economically optimum number of stages is about 200% of the minimum value. A safety factor of at least 25% about the reflux should be utilized for the reflux pumps. Reflux drums are almost always horizontally mounted and designed for a 5 min holdup at half of the drum's capacity.

Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Column Design


Important Thumb rule :

Process Design & Engg Cell

Limit tower heights to 175 ft (53 m) due to wind load and foundation considerations.

The Length/Diameter ratio of a tower should be no more than 30 and preferably below 20.
A rough estimate of reboiler duty as a function of tower diameter is given by: Q = 0.5 D2 for pressure distillation Q = 0.3 D2 for atmospheric distillation Q = 0.15 D2 for vacuum distillation Where, Q : Energy in Million Btu/hr D : Tower diameter in feet.

Process Design Basics of Column

Distillation Column Design


Important Thumb rule :

Process Design & Engg Cell

Overall column height depends on tray spacing. Tray spacing should from 18 to 24 (ease of maintenance to be kept in mind).
For tower dia > 4 ft, Tray spacing ~ 24 and for tower dia < 4 ft, Tray spacing is ~18. Peak tray efficiencies usually occur at linear vapor velocities of 2 ft/s (0.6 m/s) at moderate pressures, or 6 ft/s (1.8 m/s) under vacuum conditions. A typical pressure drop per tray is 0.1 psi (0.007 bar).

Tray efficiencies for aqueous solutions are usually in the range of 6090% while gas absorption and stripping typically have efficiencies closer to 10-20%

Process Design Basics of Column

Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

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Process Vessel --- why required???


Process Vessel are necessary for providing:

Process Design & Engg Cell

Hold up time of fluid


Phase-Separation -separation between various phases of mixed process stream
a. Liquid-Liquid b. Vapor-Liquid c. Vapor-Liquid-Liquid

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

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Process Vessel --- types ???


Process Vessel can be classfied as :

Process Design & Engg Cell

Vertical
a.Knockout drums (except flare knockout drums) b.Flash drums c.Blowdown drums d.Driers

Horizontal
a. Distillate drums reflux vessels b. Surge vessels c. Steam drums d.Settling drums e.Flare knockout drums
Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

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Vertical vs. Horizontal Vessels


Advantages of a vertical vessel are:

Process Design & Engg Cell

A smaller plot area is required (critical on offshore platforms) Large Vapor throughput with small liquid hold up Generally the vessel volume is smaller

Advantages of a horizontal vessel are:

It is easier to accommodate large liquid flow

Less head room is required


The downward liquid velocity is lower, resulting in improved de-gassing and foam breakdown Additional to vapor / liquid separation also a liquid / liquid separation can

be achieved (e.g. by installing a boot).


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Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

Vertical vs. Horizontal Vessels--services

Process Design & Engg Cell

The preferred orientation for a number of typical vapor / liquid separators

Application
Reactor Effluent Separator (V/L) Reactor Effluent Separator (V/L/L) Reflux Accumulator Compressor KO Drum Fuel Gas KO Drum Flare KO Drum Condensate Flash Drum

Preferred Orientation
Vertical Horizontal Horizontal Vertical Vertical Horizontal Vertical

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Process Design & Engg Cell

Drum sizing- Vapor/Liquid Separation

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

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Drum sizing- Vapor/Liquid Separation


41.5 ft

Process Design & Engg Cell

17+3 THK CLAD (MIN.)

2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD 15+3 THK CLAD (MIN.) AFTER FORMING (TYP.) MIN

N2

M1

N1

M11

M10

M17

M16

M18

M5

MIN

WEAR PLATE

900 SHORT RADIUS ELBOW

N12A

150 MM MINIMUM (HHLL TO BOTTOM OF PIPE)

HHLL 10 FT

NAME PLATE

HLL 9 FT NLL 6 FT

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

12.5 ft

M2

N14A

VORTEX BREKER

LLL 3 FT LLLL 10 Inch

N12B

N14B

N15A

2 NOS. EARTHING LUGS

N8
N13A

6 Inch (min) HIL 2 FT

1:120

4 ft.
12 10+3 THK CLAD (MIN) 4.16 ft

5 ft

NIL 1 FT SADDLE 2 NOS.

200
N13B

N6

LIL 1 FT

2 ft.
165

MIN

N3

N9

12

STIFFENER RING-1 NO AT CENTER

MIN MIN

2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD 10+3 THK CLAD (MIN.) AFTER FORMING (TYP.)

N4

VORTEX BREKER

N7

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Drum sizing- Vapor/Liquid Separation

Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

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Drum sizing- Vapor/Liquid Separation


Major steps for Vapor/Liquid vessel sizing
Step 0: Assume L/D ratio and % vapour area
Assume L/D ratio
Assume % Vapour area from the standard

Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

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Drum sizing- Vapor/Liquid Separation


Major steps for Vapor/Liquid vessel sizing
Step 1: Calculate Minimum allowable vapor area
For both Horizontal & vertical vessels
Area =flow volume per second/ allowable velocity per second

Process Design & Engg Cell

The allowable vapor velocity (VA) is obtained by applying a factor to the critical velocity (Vc - maxm allowable design velocity). VA = Factor x Vc VC =

L 0.15 1 G

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

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Drum sizing- Vapor/Liquid Separation


ALLOWABLE VELOCITY FACTORS Drum Type Vertical knockout drum without internals Vertical knockout drum with baffles 1.5 Vertical knockout drums with horizontal crinkled wire mesh pad. (Pad at least 4 inches (10 centimeters) thick)

Process Design & Engg Cell

Factor 1.0

2.0

Horizontal drums (With or without crinkled wire mesh pad)

1.7

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

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Drum sizing- Vapor/Liquid Separation


Step 2: Calculate Liquid Space

Process Design & Engg Cell

a. Liquid Surge Volume (LLL-HLL) -- guidelines for liquid surge time


Service Feed to Tower or Furnace
Drum Diameter, feet Below 4 4 to 6, inclusive Above 6 Reflux to Tower Product to Storage Flow to Heat Exchanger Flow to Sewer or Drain

Surge Time, Minutes

20 15 10 5 2 2 1

In case surge must be provided for both product and reflux, the larger volume is used, not the sum of the two volumes. When the discharge rate is unimportant, a nominal surge (or holdup) time of approximately two (2) minutes is provided.

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

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Drum sizing- Vapor/Liquid Separation


Step 2: Calculate Liquid Space
b. Surge Volume (BTM-LLL) Locating LLL
Without Water Settling

Process Design & Engg Cell

For guidance, the following minimum levels may be used: Horizontal drums 6 inches (15 centimeters) above bottom Vertical drums 6 inches above lower tangent line With Water Settling Provide five (5) minutes holdup at the total hydrocarbon rate below the low liquid level for the settling out of water.

In case no pot is employed, holdup for the water itself must also be provided in the bottom of the drum.

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

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Drum sizing- Vapor/Liquid Separation


Step 2: Calculate Liquid Space
b. Surge Volume (BTM-HLL) Locating HLL Following minimum distance are maintained above HLL
Horizontal Drums

Process Design & Engg Cell

Minimum 20% of the drum diameter or 12 inches (30 centimeters) or clearance for feed inlet device, whichever is greater, to top of drum. Vertical Drums 1'-0" to the bottom of the inlet arrangement (bottom of nozzle, elbow, or impingement baffle) when vapor is present. If no vapor is present, 15% of the drum diameter or 12 inches (30 centimeters) or clearance for feed inlet device, whichever is greater, to the upper tangent line

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

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Drum sizing- Vapor/Liquid Separation


Step 2: Calculate Liquid Space
c. Total Liquid Volume Volume (LLL-HLL ) + Volume (BTM-LLL)

Process Design & Engg Cell

Step 3: Drum Dia and Length calculation


d2 x % of Total Drum Volume Occupied by Liquid x L 4

= Total Volume of Liquid

D and L is calculated from above assuming L/D ratio


Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

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Vessels - Important guidelines


Length to Diameter (L/D) ratio:
Design Pressure, in Psig 50 and less greater than 50

Process Design & Engg Cell

Length to Diameter Ratio (L/D) 2:1 to 3:1 4:1 to 5:1

Note: 3.5 kg/cm2 gauge is equivalent to 50 psig

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

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Drum sizing- Vapor/Liquid Separation


Check A: Vapor Space Check
a. Check that height of Vapor area >=0.20 x Drum Dia

Process Design & Engg Cell

% of Total vapor area= (Minimum vapor area (step-1)/ Total area )x100 Height of vapor area can be calculated from the standard chart

b. Vapor space check w.r.t.feed inlet device Take the larger height of the check a and b

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

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Drum sizing- Vapor/Liquid Separation

Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

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Drum sizing- Vapor/Liquid Separation


Required Distance for 900 Elbows
Nominal Elbow Diameter, Inches Vertical Drums High Liquid Level to Nozzles Centerline, Inches Horizontal Drums High Liquid Level to Top of Drums, Inches

Process Design & Engg Cell

Short Radius Elbow

Long Radius Elbow

Short Radius Elbow


Minimum Recommended

Long Radius Elbow


Minimum Recommended

1 1 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14

13 14 14 15 16 18 24 30 36 42

14 15 15 17 18 21 28 35 42 49

4 5 6 7 9 12 15 18 21 23

10 11 11 13 14 17 20 23 26 29

5 6 7 8 11 15 19 23 27 30

10 11 12 14 16 20 24 28 32 36

16
18 20 24

48
54 60 72

56
63 70 84

26
29 32 38

32
35 38 44

34
38 42 50

40
44 48 56

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

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Drum sizing- Vapor/Liquid Separation


Step 4: Height (BTM-LLL) calculation
Area (BTM-LLL) =Volume (BTM-LLL ) / Length % Area (BTM-LLL) = Area (BTM-LLL) / Total Area Height (BTM-LLL) can be calculated using the chart

Process Design & Engg Cell

Step 5: Height (BTM-HLL) calculation


Volume (BTM-HLL)= Volume (BTM-LLL ) +Volume (LLL-HLL) Area (BTM-HLL) =Volume (BTM-HLL ) / Length % Area ( BTM-HLL) = Area (BTM-HLL) / Total Area Height (BTM-HLL) can be calculated using the chart
Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

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Drum sizing- Vapor/Liquid Separation


Step 6: Locating Normal Liquid Level
NLL = (LLL+HLL)/2

Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

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Drum sizing- Vapor/Liq/Liq Separation


Water Settling (Draw off Pots) --- Boot Calculation
MAXIMUM POT DIAMETER
Drum Diameter Below 60 inches (150 centimeters) 60 inches and larger Max. Pot Diameter 1/2 drum diameter 1/3 drum diameter

Process Design & Engg Cell

Increase the water velocity as required up to 10 inches per minute (25 centimeters per minute) to avoid exceeding these values.

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

79

Drum sizing- Vapor/Liq/Liq Separation


Water Settling (Draw off Pots) --- Boot Calculation
MINIMUM POT DIAMETER Drum Diameter Feet Below 5 5 to 8 inclusive Above 8 Centimeters Below 150 150 to 240 inclusive Above 240 Inches 12 18 Pot Diameter

Process Design & Engg Cell

Centimeters 30 45

24

60

If extremely low water velocities, less than 0.10 inches per minute (0.25 centimeters per minute) are obtained with the above diameters, do not provide a pot. Instead, extend the hydrocarbon outlet above the bottom of the drum to provide disengaging.
Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

80

Drum sizing- Vapor/Liq/Liq Separation


Water Settling (Draw off Pots) --- Boot Calculation
Step1 : Consider boot diameter as per the guideline

Process Design & Engg Cell

Step2 : Consider boot liquid hold-up time of ~ 10 mins between LIL & HIL Step3: Calculate Length of boot Step 4: Check Min. length of 3 ft betn. HIL & LIL for controller connection

Step5 : Keep minimum distance of 1 ft betn. LIL & BTL of Boot

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

81

Drum sizing- Vapor/Liq/Liq Separation


41.5 ft

Process Design & Engg Cell

17+3 THK CLAD (MIN.)

2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD 15+3 THK CLAD (MIN.) AFTER FORMING (TYP.) MIN

N2

M1

N1

M11

M10

M17

M16

M18

M5

MIN

WEAR PLATE

900 SHORT RADIUS ELBOW

N12A

150 MM MINIMUM (HHLL TO BOTTOM OF PIPE)

HHLL 10 FT

NAME PLATE

HLL 9 FT NLL 6 FT

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

12.5 ft

M2

N14A

VORTEX BREKER

LLL 3 FT LLLL 10 Inch

N12B

N14B

N15A

2 NOS. EARTHING LUGS

N8
N13A

6 Inch (min) HIL 2 FT

1:120

4 ft.
12 10+3 THK CLAD (MIN) 4.16 ft

5 ft

NIL 1 FT SADDLE 2 NOS.

200
N13B

N6

LIL 1 FT

2 ft.
165

MIN

N3

N9

12

STIFFENER RING-1 NO AT CENTER

MIN MIN

2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD 10+3 THK CLAD (MIN.) AFTER FORMING (TYP.)

N4

VORTEX BREKER

N7

82

Drum sizing- Vapor/Liq/Liq Separation

Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

83

Vessels - Important guidelines


Slop for Horizontal vessel:

Process Design & Engg Cell

1 inch in 10 feet down towards the outlet or low point drain so that the vessel may be completely drained during shutdown.

This slope is equivalent to a slope of 1:120.

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

84

Vessels - Important guidelines


Location of Feed Inlet Nozzle

Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

85

Vessels - Important guidelines


Feed Inlet
Inlet Nozzle
The feed nozzle is normally sized to limit the momentum of the feed.

Process Design & Engg Cell

The limitation depends on whether or not a feed inlet device is installed.

Inlet device
Impacts vapor / liquid separation that can be achieved

Some Typical Inlet Device are as follows:


A Deflector Baffle

Slotted Tee
Half Open Pipe

86

Table 3

Vessels - Important guidelines


Feed Inlet device

Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

87

Table 3

Vessels - Important guidelines


Feed Inlet device

Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

88

Vessels - Internals
Vortex Breaker

Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

89

Vessel Internals-Wire Mesh


Process Design & Engg Cell

Vapor (Liquid Free)

Wire Mesh Liquid

Feed Inlet
Vapor + Liquid

Vapor (Entrained Liquid)

90

Vessel Internals-Wire Mesh


Process Design & Engg Cell

91

Vessel Internals-Wire Mesh


Process Design & Engg Cell

92

Vessel Internals-Wire Mesh


Process Design & Engg Cell

They are used for two reasons:


To minimize entrainment
Suction drums for reciprocating compressors are the most notable examples

To reduce the size of a vessel


The allowable vapor velocity in a drum can be increased significantly by using a

wire mesh demister.


So, when sizing is governed by vapor-liquid separation criteria, this will result in a smaller diameter of the vessel

Major disadvantage of wire mesh demisters is:


They are not suitable for fouling services

93

Vessels - Important guidelines


Inlet / Outlet Nozzle sizing guideline

Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

94

Vessels - Important guidelines


Inlet / Outlet Nozzle sizing guideline

Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

95

Vessels - Important guidelines


Vapor Nozzles sizing guideline

Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

96

Vessels - Important guidelines

Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

97

Drum sizing- Vapor/Liquid Separation


TYPICAL LIMITS FOR VAPOR-LIQUID SEPARATOR
PARAMETER LOWER LIMIT UPPER LIMIT

Process Design & Engg Cell

Vessel Diameter, ft (m) Vapor Density, lb/ft3 (kg/m3) Liquid Density, lb/ft3 (kg/m3)

0.7 (0.2) 0.005 (0.08) 20 (320)

25 (7.6) 5 (80) 80 (1280)

Surface Tension, dynes/cm or mN/m


Liquid Viscosity, cP or mPas CWMS Liquid Loading, gpm/ft2 (dm3/sm2)
Foaming Tendency

2
0.05 0.0 (0.0)

75
2 20 (13.6)

NONE, except for Crude Flash Vessels

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

98

Process Design & Engg Cell

Drum sizing- Liquid/Liquid Separation

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

99

Drum sizing- Liquid/Liquid Separation

Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

100

Drum sizing- Liquid/Liquid Separation


Major steps for Liquid/Liquid vessel sizing
Step1. Liquid /Liquid Separators are generally horizontal L/D ratio ~ 4:1 or 5:1

Process Design & Engg Cell

Step2. Calculate Rising Rate (V) of Light Liquid through Heavy Liquid ---Calculation require droplet diameter
DROPLET SIZES System Caustic - 0.85 specific gravity oils Water - Naphtha or heating oils Propane - oil deresining
Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

Inches

Droplet Diameter Centimeters

0.005 each phase 0.012 each phase 0.005 each phase 0.012 each phase 0.004 each phase 0.010 each phase
101

Drum sizing- Liquid/Liquid Separation

Process Design & Engg Cell

Step3. Calculate Rising Rate (V) of Light Liquid through Heavy Liquid a. Calculate Rising Velocity Stokes law (Reynolds number less than 1) V = 8.3 x 105 x d2 x S / uc Intermediate law (Reynolds number between 1 and 1,000) V = 1.04 x 104 x d1.14 x S0.71 / ( Sc0.29 x uc0.43 ) Newtons law (Reynolds number between 1,000 and 200,000) V = 2.05 x 103 (d S)0.5 / ( Sc ) Where the Reynolds number = 10.7 d V Sc / uc

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

102

Drum sizing- Liquid/Liquid Separation


Where the Reynolds number = 10.7 d V Sc / uc V = settling rate in each phase, inches per minute d = droplet diameter, inches S = droplet specific gravity Sc = continuous phase specific gravity S = specific gravity differential between phases uc = continuous phase viscosity, centipoise

Process Design & Engg Cell

b. Select Rising velocity based on Re value from point a. But if rising velocity exceeds 10"/min then take 10/min.

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

103

Drum sizing- Liquid/Liquid Separation

Process Design & Engg Cell

Step4. Calculate Settling Rate (V) of Heavy Liquid through Light Liquid a. Calculate Settling Velocity Stokes law (Reynolds number less than 1) V = 8.3 x 105 x d2 x S / uc Intermediate law (Reynolds number between 1 and 1,000) V = 1.04 x 104 x d1.14 x S0.71 / ( Sc0.29 x uc0.43 ) Newtons law (Reynolds number between 1,000 and 200,000) V = 2.05 x 103 (d S)0.5 / ( Sc ) Where the Reynolds number = 10.7 d V Sc / uc

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

104

Drum sizing- Liquid/Liquid Separation


Where the Reynolds number = 10.7 d V Sc / uc V = settling rate in each phase, inches per minute d = droplet diameter, inches S = droplet specific gravity Sc = continuous phase specific gravity S = specific gravity differential between phases uc = continuous phase viscosity, centipoise

Process Design & Engg Cell

b. Select Settling velocity based on Re value from point a. But if settling velocity exceeds 10"/min then take 10/min.

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

105

Drum sizing- Liquid/Liquid Separation


Step5. Calculate Vessel Diameter D= 2 +1.7 (flow rate / V) flow rate = that of light phase, cubic feet per minute V= settling rate of heavy droplet,inches/min D = drum diameter, feet Step6. Calculate L Keeping L/D ratio 4:1 to 5:1

Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

106

Drum sizing- Liquid/Liquid Separation


Step6. Calculate Low & High Interface levels a. Bottom Tangent Line (BTL) to Low Interface Level (LIL) -----Recommended 12 inches minimum (i) Calculate Height (BTL-LIL)/Radius of Drum (ii) Calculate % Area occupied by BTL-LIL from chart---y b. Bottom Tangent Line (BTL) to High Interface Level (HIL) Low Interface level (LIL) to High interface level (HIL) -----Recommended 14 inches minimum (i) Calculate Height (BTL-HIL)/Radius of Drum (ii) Calculate % Area occupied by BTL-HIL from chart-----x

Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

107

Drum sizing- Vapor/Liquid Separation

Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

108

Drum sizing- Liquid/Liquid Separation

Process Design & Engg Cell

Step7. Residence time of Heavy Liquid settling through Light Liquid a. Area between high and low interfaces =(x-y)*0.01*cross sectional area of vessel

b. Residence time of Heavy Liquid between high and low interface level =area ina*L/Heavy Liquid volume flow

CHECK: Residence time should be more than 2 min

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

109

Drum sizing- Liquid/Liquid Separation


Step8. Light phase space settling time a.

Process Design & Engg Cell

Distance Heavy Liquid must fall from top of drum to High Interface level =Vessel dia - Height(BTL-HIL)

d. Heavy Liquid settling time (between top of drum and high interface level) required for separation = Distance a/ Heavy Liq settling velocity

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

110

Drum sizing- Liquid/Liquid Separation


Step9. Light phase space residence time a.

Process Design & Engg Cell

Light Space Area =(100 - % area occupied below HIL)*Vessel cross sectional area*0.01

b. Light Space volume = Light space area*L c. Light phase Space residence time= Light space volume/Light Liq flow rate

CHECK : Light phase space residence time > Heavy Liquid settling time through Light phase

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

111

Drum sizing- Liquid/Liquid Separation


Step10. Heavy phase space rising time a.

Process Design & Engg Cell

Distance Light Liquid must travel from bottom of drum to low Interface level =Height (BTL-LIL)

d. Light Liquid rising time (between bottom of drum and low interface level) required for separation = Height (BTL-LIL) /Light Liq rising velocity

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

112

Drum sizing- Liquid/Liquid Separation


Step11. Heavy phase space residence time a. Heavy Space Area =( % area occupied below LIL)*Vessel cross sectional area*0.01 b. Heavy Space volume = Heavy space area*L c. Heavy phase Space residence time = Heavy space volume/Heavy Liq flow rate CHECK : Heavy phase space residence time > Light Liquid rising time through Heavy phase

Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

113

Drum sizing- Liquid/Liquid Separation

Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

114

Process Design & Engg Cell

Drum sizing- Vertical Flash Drum

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

115

Drum sizing- Vertical Flash Drum

Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

116

Vessel Internals-Wire Mesh


Process Design & Engg Cell

Vapor (Liquid Free)

Wire Mesh Liquid

Feed Inlet
Vapor + Liquid

Vapor (Entrained Liquid)

117

Vessel Internals-Wire Mesh


Process Design & Engg Cell

They are used for two reasons:


To minimize entrainment
Suction drums for reciprocating compressors are the most notable examples

To reduce the size of a vessel


The allowable vapor velocity in a drum can be increased significantly by using a

wire mesh demister.


So, when sizing is governed by vapor-liquid separation criteria, this will result in a smaller diameter of the vessel

Major disadvantage of wire mesh demisters is:


They are not suitable for fouling services

118

Drum sizing- Vertical Flash Drum


Major steps for Vertical Flash Drum Sizing
Step1. Vessel with CWMS or without CWMS a.

Process Design & Engg Cell

The use of a crinkled wire mesh pad or screen would not permit a large reduction in vessel size for vessels lower than 4 ft in diameter, and since a crinkled wire mesh pad or screen is fairly expensive, it is not used much in diameters less than 4 ft. When used, it would be to prevent large slugs of liquid from going to the compressor.

Step 2: Calculate with Crinkled Wire Mesh Screen

a. b. c. d.

Calculate critical vap velocity Calculate allowable vap velocity ( with CWMS, allowable factor 2.0) Calculate min vap area (Vap Flow rate/allowable vap velocity) Calculate minimum diameter
119

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

Drum sizing- Vertical Flash Drum


Step3. Calculate without Crinkled Wire Mesh Screen a. Calculate critical vap velocity

Process Design & Engg Cell

b.Calculate allowable vap velocity ( without CWMS, allowable factor 1.0) c. Calculate min vap area (Vap Flow rate/allowable vap velocity) d.Calculate minimum diameter Step4. Liquid surge volume and height calculation a.Consider liquid holdup time (between LLL-HLL) as per standard b.Calculate LLL-HLL height

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

120

Drum sizing- Vertical Flash Drum


Step5. Drum height a. Height of CWMS (if there) b. Height of inlet +elbow - min recommended 2.5 ft c. Height (Vessel top tangent line to top of inlet nozzle) - min recommended 2.5 ft d. Height HLL to bottom of Inlet nozzle min recommended 1 ft e. Height (LLL to Bottom Tangent line) min recommended 0.5 ft f. Height (HLL-LLL) f. Total Drum Height Calculated

Process Design & Engg Cell

g. Check L/D - as per previous table. If L/D is not OK, calculate with new Dia

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

121

Process Design & Engg Cell

Drum sizing- Vertical KOD

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

122

Drum sizing- Vertical KOD


Major steps for Vertical KOD Sizing
Step1. Vessel with CWMS or without CWMS a.

Process Design & Engg Cell

The use of a crinkled wire mesh pad or screen would not permit a large reduction in vessel size for vessels lower than 4 ft in diameter, and since a crinkled wire mesh pad or screen is fairly expensive, it is not used much in diameters less than 4 ft. When used, it would be to prevent large slugs of liquid from going to the compressor.

Step 2: Calculate with Crinkled Wire Mesh Screen

a. b. c. d.

Calculate critical vap velocity Calculate allowable vap velocity ( with CWMS, allowable factor 2.0) Calculate min vap area (Vap Flow rate/allowable vap velocity) Calculate minimum diameter
123

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

Drum sizing- Vertical KOD


Step3. Calculate without Crinkled Wire Mesh Screen a. c. Calculate critical vap velocity Calculate min vap area (Vap Flow rate/allowable vap velocity)

Process Design & Engg Cell

b. Calculate allowable vap velocity ( without CWMS, allowable factor 1.0) d. Calculate minimum diameter Step4. Liquid surge volume and height calculation a.Consider liquid holdup time (between LLL-HLL) min recommended 24 hrs b.Calculate LLL-HLL height min recommended 1.5 ft

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

124

Drum sizing- Vertical KOD


Step5. Drum height a. Height of CWMS (if there)

Process Design & Engg Cell

b. Height of inlet +elbow - min recommended 2.5 ft c. Height (Vessel top tangent line to top of inlet nozzle) - min recommended 2.5 ft d. Height HLL to bottom of Inlet nozzle min recommended 1 ft e. Height (LLL to Bottom Tangent line) min recommended 0.5 ft f. Height (HLL-LLL) min recommended for KOD is 1.5 ft g. Total Drum Height Calculated h. Check L/D - typical L/D for KOD is 2:1

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

125

Process Design & Engg Cell

Drum sizing- Flare KOD

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

126

Drum sizing- Flare KOD


Typical Flare KOD

Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

127

Drum sizing- Flare KOD

Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

128

Drum sizing- Flare KOD


Major steps for Flare KOD Sizing

Process Design & Engg Cell

Step1. Drum sizing based on maximum single risk vapor load condition
Sp. Garvity of HC liq from chart at 3200F and 19 psia Dropout Velocity(VD) -- Critical velocity Allowable Velocity (VA) Generally 1.0 for conservative case Assume vapor space Height (HLL-top of drum) Liquid space Height (BTL-HLL)- Generally zero(0) Residence time Vapor Space height / Allowable velocity Find vapor volume = maxm vap Flow rate/residence time = drum volume a. Drum Dia = maxm vap space height b. Find drum length c. Check L/D ratio within 3:1 to 5:1 a. b. c. d. e. f. g.
Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

129

Drum sizing- Flare KOD

Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

130

Drum sizing- Flare KOD

Process Design & Engg Cell

Step2. Check Drum sizing based on maximum liquid relief condition a. Maximum liquid relief load after flash at operating condn generally 3200F and 19 psia b. Liq flow time Generally 2 hrs recommended c. Pump capacity for liquid out d. Net Liq fill up flow = a*b c e. Net liq fill up volume= d * b f. Find Drum volumetric capacity = 3.14*0.25*D2*L ( using D & L calculated in Step-1) CHECK: Net Liq Fill up Volume (for maxm liquid relief condition) <= 50% of Drum Volumetric capacity( for maxm vapor load condition) If not satisfied, recalculate

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

131

Example

Drum sizing- Vapor/Liq/Liq Separation

Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

132

Example

Drum sizing- Vapor/Liq/Liq Separation

Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

133

Example

Drum sizing- Vapor/Liq/Liq Separation

Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

134

Example

Drum sizing- Vapor/Liq/Liq Separation

Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

135

Example

Drum sizing- Vapor/Liq/Liq Separation

Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

136

Example

Drum sizing- Vapor/Liq/Liq Separation

Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

137

Example

Drum sizing- Vapor/Liq/Liq Separation

Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

138

Example

Drum sizing- Vapor/Liq/Liq Separation

Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

139

Example

Drum sizing- Vapor/Liq/Liq Separation

Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

140

Example

Drum sizing- Vapor/Liq/Liq Separation

Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

141

Example

Drum sizing- Vapor/Liq/Liq Separation

Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

142

Example

Drum sizing- Vapor/Liq/Liq Separation

Process Design & Engg Cell

Process Design Basics of Pressure Vessel

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Process Design & Engg Cell

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