ALVEOLAR BONE

By- Rohit Rai

 Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue. It consists of cells and extracellular substance (matrix and fibers).

Functions
1. Protects and supports vital organs. 2. Serves as a reservoir for calcium and phosphate (containing 99% of body calcium). 3. Contains bone marrow which function in hemopoiesis. 4. Provides for attachment of muscles. 5. Forms the body skeleton.

Physical Properties
1. Yellow in color. 2. Softer than dentin. 3. Lined by soft C.T. containing osteoprogenitor cells. 4. Vascular tissue.

Chemical composition
Organic materials + H2O 35% Inorganic materials 65%

Inorganic Materials
In the form of apatite crystals Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium Citrate Potasium Sodium

Organic Materials
Type I collagen.

Ground substance of glycoproteins and proteoglycans with small amount of proteins and lipids.

Bone Cells
Ostoproginator cells. Osteoblasts . Osteocytes . Osteoclasts (bone resorbing cells )

Bone cells

Types of Bone
Lamellated bone
Cancellous Compact

Course fibered bone (woven bone)

Found in embryo Formed during Healing of bone

Bundle bone

Contains Sharpeys fibers

Cancellous Bone
Sponge-like found in the head of a long bone. Has large marrow spaces. Surrounded by thin spicules or trabeculae.

 Spicules are small and short containing one or two lamellae and few osteocytes. Trabeculae are large composed of several lamellae.

Compact Bone
Denser than cancellous bone. Its spaces are much reduced in size.

Lamellae are organized in 4 systems:

External circumferential lamellae. Internal circumferential lamellae. Interstitial lamellae. Haversian canal systems (osteons).

 Woven bone (non-lamellar bone, reticulated bone) Bony tissue characteristic of the embryonic skeleton in which the collagen fibers of the matrix are arranged irregularly in the form of interlacing networks.

Periosteum
1. An outer fibrous layer (collagen and fibroblasts). 2. An inner cellular layer (some collagen and osteogenic cells and osteoblasts).

Endosteum
The endosteum is composed of osteoprogenitor cells and only a small amount of connective tissue, covering the surface of bone trabeculae and the medullary surface of cortical bone and haversian canals.

Incremental Lines of Bone:

1. Resting lines. 2. Reversal line.

 Collagen fibers of the periosteum become trapped in the calcified bone matrix (Sharpeys fibers). They are arranged at an angle to bone fibers.

Alveolar Bone

Gingiva

 It is a direct continuation of the maxilla and mandible.

Is derived from ectomesenchymal cells of the

dental follicle.

Each alveolus contains one tooth.

Adjacent alveoli are separated by interdental septum consisting mostly of cancellous bone

The Alveolar Process Consist Of

1-Inner and outer cortical Plate (Compact Bone)

Alveolar Bone
Alveolar Bone Proper
Bundle bone(Sharpys fibers) Lamellar bone(compact)

Supporting Alveolar Bone

Cortical bone(compact) Spongiosa(cancellous)

1-compact bone include :

a-The Haversian canal b-Volk-manns canals(blood supply) c- Lamella and osteocyte in lacunae.

2- Cancellous bone (spongy):

spongy Bone: -Between the two compact layers -Consist of trabeculae that enclose marrow spaces.

3-The alveolar bone proper :

Bone lines the socket and extends over the alveolar crest often appears as a radiodense line, termed the lamina dura. -Other term Bundle bone.

The part of the alveolus which immediately surrounds the root is the alveolar bone proper (cribriform plate, lamina dura or bundle bone).The rest of the alveolar bone is the supporting alveolar bone.

Lamina dura

The bundle bone which is the most inner part lining the socket. Lamellar bone (compact bone next to bundle bone). Some lamellae are arranged parallel to the surface and others form Haversian systems.

Alveolar bone consist of 1- alveolar bone proper (lamina dura in radiographs) 2- trabecular bone 3- compact bone

1)Alveoli: The space in the alveolar bone that accommodate the roots of the teeth (tooth socket).

2)Supporting alveolar bone: cancellous and cortical bone that surrounds the alveolar bone proper

3)Interproximal bone (interdental septum): bone located between the roots of adjacent teeth. 4)Interradicular bone: bone located between the roots of multirooted teeth

5)Radicular bone: alveolar process located on the facial or lingual surfaces of the roots of teeth

Composition of Alveolar Bone

1-The cells(osteoblast,osteoclast and osteocytes). 2-Extra-cellular matrix consists consists of twothirds inorganic matter and one third organic matrix.

CELLS OF ALVEOLAR BONE

Calcified matrix with osteocytes enclosed in lacunae Constantly changing Osteoblasts deposit Osteoclasts resorb Matrix deposited by osteoblasts is not mineralized and is termed osteoid. As new osteoid is deposited the old osteoid mineralizes. Osteoclasts are large multinucleated cells that are often on surface or in Howships lacunae. Main function is resorption of bone.

The inorganic matrix is composed of the minerals calcium and phosphate, The organic matrix consists mainly (90%) of collagen type I, with small amounts of non collagenous proteins

 The spongiosa is adapted to support the alveolus proper, since its trabeculae are arranged in such a fashion as to resist occlusal force. The spongiosa is absent in the regions of the incisors, where the alveolar bone proper is fused with the cortical plate. In multirooted teeth, the bone septum intervenes between the root is called interradicular septum composed of spongy bone covered by a cribriform plate.

Radiographically;
Type I : A sparse ladder-like arrangement (in the mandible). Type II : An apparent haphazard arrangement (in the maxilla).

Type I

Type II

 The thickness of the cortical plate varies depending upon the location. The cortical plates of the molar regions are thicker than those of the incisor regions.

Patterns of bone destruction in periodontal disease

1-Horizontal bone loss 2-Verticl or Angular defects. 3-Osseous craters. 4-Ledges

FENESTRATION - isolated areas which the root is denuded of bone and root surface is covered only by periosteum and overlying gingiva DEHISCENCE - denuded areas extend through the marginal bone

Fenestration: some bone present in the most coronal portion

Dehiscence: the bone coverage is missing at the coronal portion of the roots

Differences Between Cementum and Bone

Cementum is not vascularized. Cementum has minor ability to remodel. Cementum is more resistant to resorption compared to bone Cementum lacks neural component Cementum contains a unique proteoglycan interfibrillar substance. 70% of bone is made by inorganic salts Cementum contains 46% of inorganic salts

Aging of alveolar bone

A comparison of young and old alveolar bone reveals the following: - The alveolar sockets appear Jagged and scalloped. - The bone marrow appears to have a fatty infiltration. - Osteoporosis indicates loss of some bony elements. - The internal trabecular arrangement is more open, which indicates bone loss.

References
Ten Cate oral histology ,development and structure and function. Berkovitz oral anatomy , histology and embryology. Berkovitz BKB, Maxham B J, Holland G R .4th ed. 2009. Jan Lindhe clinical periodontology and implat dentistry 5th edition

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