Definisi, Ciri & Jenis

PENYELIDIKAN
IPG KBA
Chong Poh Wan Januari 2011

APAKAH PENYELIDIKAN ?
Penyelidikan ialah suatu inkuiri yang sistematik, terkawal, empirikal dan kritikal mengenai fenomena-fenomena. Ia dipandu oleh teori dan hipotesis mengenai hubungan yang dianggap wujud antara fenomena-fenomena tersebut (Kerlinger, 1986)

CIRI-CIRI PENYELIDIKAN

Empirikal Sistematik Mengikut langkah-langkah logikal Mematuhi kaedah saintifik

 Data empirikal sebagai

Involves observation, either direct or indirect.

Empirikal

bukti untuk menyokong sesuatu tuntutan ilmu baru

Sistematik

It is well planned and organized. the likelihood that the results will Follows procedures that increase
be reliable and valid.

Mengenal pasti masalah Melakukan tinjauan literatur Mengumpul data Menganalisis data Membuat kesimpulan/generalisasi

Langkah-Langkah Logikal

Berdasarkan tujuan & matlamat Berdasarkan Kaedah Penyelidikan Asas/ Ilmiah Penyelidikan Gunaan /Aplikasi Penyelidikan Tindakan Penyelidikan Penilaian /Impak

Jenis-Jenis Penyelidikan

Dari Segi Pendekatan

Kuantitatif

Kualitatif

Positivist research Precise, objective measures Researcher separate from subject

Interpretivist research/ Phenomenology Socially constructed reality Researcher involved with individual subjects

Berbandingan Proses Kajian

Kuantitatif Deduktif - A theory or proposition is being validated Context free Generalizations An explanation guides the research Cause-and-effect Statik

Kualitatif Induktif - A theory or proposition is being constructed. Context bound Emerging - An explanation emerges from the research Patterns

Penyelidikan Asas (Tradisi) Penyelidikan Gunaan (AplikasiPenyelidikan Tindakan (Semasa)

Berdasarkan tujuan & matlamat

)

Perubatan

Penyelidikan bersejarah Penyelidikan diskriptif Kajian korelasi Penyelidikan Ujikaji/Eksperimental Kajian Ex-pos Facto
Types of Research

Berdasarkan Kaedah

Typical research designs: 3 main types of quantitative designs

Descriptive or observational designs

- Often used to assess attitudes/opinions Experimental

- Often used for cause and effect

research, pilot tests

Quasi-Experimental design
- Use of intact group / class Others survey; corelations study

Qualitative Research Design Options

Once the operational definitions are developed, decide on research design: Field observation design: data through observation of phenomena (etnografi) Case study: people, groups, critical events, projects, communities or sub parts of a programme. Focused group design: interviewing small groups Action research: provides researcher with the means to take systematic action to resolve specific problems. Narrative research: through in-depth review/ explanation Historical Research: uses documents in gathering data Multiple approaches: more than 1 method of data collection