A-Level Maths:: Core 3

A-Level Maths:
Core 3
for Edexcel
C3.6 Differentiation
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The chain rule

The chain rule The relationship between
Contents
dy dx
and
dx dy
Differentiating ex and related functions

Differentiating ln x and related functions The product rule
The quotient rule

Differentiating trigonometric functions Examination-style question
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Review of differentiation
So far, we have used differentiation to find the gradients of functions made up of a sum of multiples of powers of x. We found that:
If y = x n then dy = nx n 1 dx
and when xn is preceded by a constant multiplier k we have:

dy If y = kx then = knx n1 dx
n
Also:
dy If y = f ( x ) g( x ) then = f '( x ) g '( x ) dx
Review of differentiation
We will now look at how to differentiate exponential, logarithmic and trigonometric functions. We will also look at techniques that can be used to differentiate: Compound functions of the form f(g(x)). For example:
x 1
2
3 x2
sin( x3 )
Products of the form f(x) g(x), such as:
x ln x
xe 2 x
3 x 2 cos x
f ( x) Quotients of the form , such as: g( x ) 3 x +1 e2 x x2 1 sin x

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x2 ln x
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The chain rule

The chain rule is used to differentiate composite functions. For instance, suppose we want to differentiate y = (2x + 1)3 with respect to x.
One way to do this is to expand (2x + 1)3 and differentiate it term by term. Using the binomial theorem:
(2 x +1)3 = 8 x3 + 3(4 x2 ) + 3(2 x) +1 = 8 x 3 +12 x 2 + 6 x +1 Differentiating with respect to x: dy = 24 x 2 + 24 x + 6 dx = 6(4 x2 + 4 x +1) = 6(2 x +1)2
The chain rule

Another approach is to use the substitution u = 2x + 1 so that we can write y = (2x + 1)3 as y = u3. The chain rule states that:
If y is a function of u and u is a function of x, then dy dy du = dx du dx So if y = u3 dy = 3u 2 du where u = 2x + 1, du =2 dx
dy dy du Using the chain rule: = = 3u 2 2 dx du dx = 6u 2
= 6(2 x +1)2
The chain rule

Use the chain rule to differentiate y = 3 x 2 5 with respect to x. Let
y =u
1 2
where
u = 3x2 5
du = 6x dx
1 dy 1 2 = 2u du
1 dy dy du 1 2 Using the chain rule, = = 2 u 6x dx du dx
= 3 xu
1 2
1 2
= 3 x(3 x 5)
2
=
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3x 3 x2 5
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The chain rule

dy 2 Find given that y = . 3 4 dx (7 x ) 2 where u = 7 x3 Let y = 4 = 2u 4 u dy du = 8u 5 = 3 x 2 du dx dy dy du Using the chain rule: = = 8u 5 3 x 2 dx du dx
= 24 x 2u 5
= 24 x2 (7 x3 )5
24 x 2 = (7 x 3 )5
The chain rule using function notation

With practice some of the steps in the chain rule can be done mentally. Suppose we have a composite function y = g(f(x)) If we let y = g(u) where u = f(x)
dy du = g '(u ) = f '( x ) then and du dx dy dy du Using the chain rule: = = g '(u ) f '( x) dx du dx
But u = f(x) so
dy = g '(f ( x )) f '( x ) If y = g(f(x)) then dx
The chain rule

All of the composite functions we have looked at so far have been of the form y = (f(x))n.
In general, using the chain rule, If y = (f (x))n
dy = n( f ( x ))n 1 f '( x ) then dx
If we use to represent f (x) and write this rule more visually as:
to represent f (x) we can
y=
dy =n dy
n 1
Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y = (x4 3)3 at the point (1, 8).
The chain rule

y= (x4 3)3
dy d 4 4 2 = 3( x 3) ( x 3) dx dx
= 3( x 4 3)2 4 x3 = 12 x3 ( x 4 3)2
When x = 1,
dy = 12(1 3)2 = 48 dx
Using y y1 = m(x x1) the equation of the tangent at the point (1, 8) is: y + 8 = 48(x 1) y = 48x 48 8 y = 48x 56 y = 8(6x 7)
dy The relationship between dx and
dx dy
Contents
dy dx
and
dx dy

The quotient rule

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dx dy
Suppose we are given x as a function of y instead of y as a function of x. For instance,

x = 4y2
dx We can find dy by differentiating with respect to y: dx = 8y dy
Using the chain rule we can write
dy 1 dy dx = dx = 1, from which we get: dx dy dx dy dx So by the above result, if = 8y then dy dy 1 = dx 8 y

dx dy
Find the gradient of the curve with equation x = 2y3 3y 7 at the point (3, 2). x = 2y3 3y 7
dx = 6 y2 3 dy
At the point (3, 2), y = 2:
dx = 6(2)2 3 = 21 dy
dy 1 = dx We can now find the gradient using the fact that dx dy dy 1 = dx 21
Differentiating inverse functions

dy 1 The result = dx is particularly useful for differentiating dx dy inverse functions. For example:
d (sin1 x ) writing your answer in terms of x. Find , dy
Let y = sin1 x so x = sin y
dx = cos y dy
Using the identity cos2y = 1 sin2y
1 dy 1 = = dx cos y 1 sin2 y
But sin y = x so
d 1 1 (sin x ) = dy 1 x2

Contents
dy dx
and
dx dy

The quotient rule

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The derivative of ex
A special property of the exponential function ex is that
dy If y = e then = ex dx
x
From this, it follows that

If y = ke x then dy = ke x dx
where k is a constant. For example, if y = 4ex x3

dy = 4e x 3 x 2 dx
Functions of the form ekx

Suppose we are asked to differentiate a function of the form ekx, where k is a constant. For example, Differentiate y = e5x with respect to x. Let
y = eu
dy = eu du
where
u = 5x
du =5 dx
dy dy du Using the chain rule: = = eu 5 dx du dx = 5eu = 5e 5 x
In practice, we wouldnt need to include this much working.

Functions of the form ekx

We would just remember that in general,
If y = e kx then dy = ke kx dx
For example,
d 7x ( e ) = 7e 7 x dx d 2 x (e ) = 2e 2 x dx
d e (e ) = dx 3 We can use the chain rule to extend this to any function of the form ef(x).
x 3
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x 3
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Functions of the form ef(x)

If y = ef(x) then we can let Let
then
y = eu
dy = eu du dy dy du = dx du dx
where
u = f(x)
du = f '( x ) dx
Using the chain rule:
= eu f '( x) = f '( x )ef ( x )
So in general,
If y = e
f ( x)
dy then = f '( x )e f ( x ) dx
In words, to differentiate an expression of the form y = ef(x) we multiply it by the derivative of the exponent.
Functions of the form ef(x)

Using to represent f(x) and
y=e
to represent f (x):
dy = dx e
For example,
dy 5 x 4 (e ) = 5e 5 x 4 dx dy 3 x e3 x (e ) = dx dy x2 9 x2 9 x2 9 (5e ) = 5 2 xe = 10 xe dx
Differentiating ln x and related functions

Contents
dy dx
and
dx dy

The quotient rule

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The derivative of ln x
Remember, ln x is the inverse of ex.
So, if then y = ln x x = ey
Differentiating with respect to y gives: dx = ey dy dy 1 1 = dx = y dx dy e But ey = x so,

dy 1 = dx x dy 1 If y = ln x then = dx x
Functions of the form ln kx

Suppose we want to differentiate a function of the form ln kx, where k is a constant. For example: Differentiate y = ln 3x with respect to x. Let
y = ln u
dy 1 = du u
where
u = 3x
du =3 dx
dy dy du 3 Using the chain rule: = = dx du dx u = 3 3x
1 = x
Functions of the form ln kx

When functions of the form ln kx are differentiated, the ks will always cancel out, so in general,
dy 1 If y = ln kx then = dx x
We can use the chain rule to extend to functions of the more general form y = ln f(x). y = ln u Let where u = f(x) du dy 1 = = f '( x ) then du u dx
dy dy du f '( x ) = = dx du dx u
f '( x ) = f ( x)
Functions of the form ln (f(x))

In general, using the chain rule
dy f '( x ) If y = ln f ( x ) then = dx f ( x )
Using to represent f(x) and to represent f (x):
y = ln
dy = dy
For example,
d 7 ln(7 x 4) = 7x 4 dx d 9 x2 ln(3 x 3 + 8) = 3 dx 3x + 8
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In some cases we can use the laws of logarithms to simplify a logarithmic function before differentiating it. Remember that, ln (ab) = ln a + ln b
a ln = ln a ln b b
ln an = n ln a
x Differentiate y = ln with respect to x. 2 x y = ln = ln x ln2 2
= ln x ln2
1 = 2 ln x ln2
1 2

1 y = 2 ln x ln2
1 dy 1 1 = = dx 2 x 2x
ln 2 is a constant and so it disappears when we differentiate.

x If we had tried to differentiate y = ln without simplifying it 2 first, we would have had: 1 1 x 2 1 dy 4 1 x2 y = ln 2 = 1 dx 1 x 2
2
1
1 2 1 2
2x x 1 = 2x The derivative is the same, but the algebra is more difficult.

The product rule

Contents
dy dx
and
dx dy

The quotient rule

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The product rule

The product rule allows us to differentiate the product of two functions.
It states that if y = uv, where u and v are functions of x, then
dy dv du =u +v dx dx dx Find dy given that y = x 4 3 2 x . dx
Let So
u=
x4
and
v = (3 2 x )
1 2
du = 4 x3 dx
1 dv 1 2 = (3 2 x ) 2 dx 2
= (3 2 x )
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1 2
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The product rule

Using the product rule: 1 1 dy 2 4 3 2 = x (3 2 x ) + 4 x (3 2 x ) dx 1 1 4 3 2 2 x 4 x (3 2 x ) (3 2 x ) = 1 + 1 2 2 (3 2 x ) (3 2 x )
= = =
x 4 + 4 x3 (3 2 x ) (3 2 x ) (3 2 x ) 12 x3 9 x 4 (3 2 x )
1 2 1 2
x 4 +12 x3 8 x 4
1 2
3(4 x3 3 x 4 ) = 3 2x 31 of 56
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The product rule

Give the coordinates of any stationary points on the curve y = x2e2x.
Let So u = x2 du = 2x dx and v = e2 x dv = 2e2 x dx
Using the product rule: dy = 2 x 2e2 x + 2 xe2 x dx = 2 xe2 x ( x +1) dy = 0 when 2 xe2 x = 0 or x +1= 0 dx 2 xe2 x = 0 x = 0 x +1= 0 x = 1
The product rule

When x = 0, y = (0)2e0
=0
The point (0,0) is a stationary point on the curve y = x2e2x. When x = 1, y = (1)2e2
= e2 The point (1, e2) is also a stationary point on the curve y = x2e2x.
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The quotient rule

Contents
dy dx
and
dx dy

The quotient rule

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The quotient rule

The quotient rule allows us to differentiate the quotient of two functions. It states that if y = u , where u and v are functions of x, then v
dv dy v du u dx = dx 2 dx v
dy 2 x +1 Find given that y = . 2 dx 5x
Let So
u = 2x + 1
du =2 dx
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and
v = 5x2
dv = 10 x dx
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The quotient rule

dy (5 x 2 )(2) (2 x +1)(10 x) = dx 25 x 4 10 x 2 20 x 2 10 x = 25 x 4
2x 4x 2 = 5 x3 2 x 2 = 5 x3 = 2( x +1) 5 x3
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The quotient rule

Find the equation of the tangent to the ln x 4 at the point (1, 0). curve y = x2
u = ln x4 and v = x2 dv du 4 x3 1 = 2x = 4 = 4x So dx dx x Using the quotient rule: dy x 2 4 x 1 ln x 4 2 x = dx x4 Let
4 x 8 x ln x = x4 4(1 2ln x ) = x3
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Using ln x4 = 4 ln x
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The quotient rule

When x = 1, dy = 4(1 2 ln 1) dx 1 =4 The gradient of the tangent at the point (1, 0) is 4.
Use y y1 = m(x x1) to find the equation of the tangent at the point (1, 0). y 0 = 4(x 1) y = 4x 4
Remember that ln 1 = 0
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Differentiating trigonometric functions

Contents
dy dx
and
dx dy

The quotient rule

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The derivative of sin x
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The derivative of sin x

By plotting the gradient function of y = sin x, where x is measured in radians, we can deduce that
dy If y = sin x then = cos x dx
Functions of the form k sin f(x) can be differentiated using the chain rule.
Differentiate y = 2 sin 3x with respect to x.

So if y = 2 sin u
dy = 2cos u du
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where
u = 3x
du =3 dx
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The derivative of sin f(x)

dy dy du = 2cos u 3 = dx du dx = 6cos3x
In general using the chain rule,

dy If y = sin f ( x ) then = f '( x )cos f ( x) dx
Using
to represent f(x) and
to represent f (x):
y = sin
dy = dy
cos
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The derivative of cos x
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By plotting the gradient function of y = cos x, where x is measured in radians, we can deduce that
dy If y = cos x then = sin x dx dy Find given that y = x2 cos x. dx
Let So
u = x2
du = 2 x dx
and
v = cos x
dv = sin x dx
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Using the product rule: dy = x 2 ( sin x ) + cos x( 2 x ) dx = x 2 sin x 2 x cos x
= x( x sin x 2cos x )
Functions of the form k cos f(x) can be differentiated using the chain rule. Differentiate y = 3 cos (x3 4) with respect to x. So if y = 3 cos u
dy = 3 sin u du
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where
u = x3 4
du = 3 x2 dx
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dy dy du = = 3 sin u 3 x 2 dx du dx = 9 x2 sin( x3 4)
In general using the chain rule,

dy If y = cos f ( x ) then = f '( x )sin f ( x) dx
Using
to represent f(x) and
to represent f (x):
y = cos
dy = dy
sin
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The derivative of tan x

We can differentiate y = tan x (where x is in radians) by writing it as sin x y= cos x Then we apply the quotient rule with u = sin x and v = cos x :
dy cos x cos x sin x( sin x ) = dx cos2 x
cos2 x + sin2 x = cos2 x 1 = cos2 x

= sec 2 x
dy If y = tan x then = sec 2 x dx

The derivative of sec x

We can differentiate y = sec x (where x is in radians) by writing it as 1 y= = (cos x )1 cos x Then using the chain rule we get: dy = (cos x )2 ( sin x ) dx sin x = cos2 x 1 sin x = cos x cos x = sec x tan x
dy If y = sec x then = sec x tan x dx
The derivative of cosec x

We can differentiate y = cosec x (where x is in radians) by writing it as 1 y= = (sin x )1 sin x
Then using the chain rule we get: dy = (sin x )2 (cos x ) dx cos x = 2 sin x 1 cos x = sin x sin x = cosec x cot x
dy If y = cosec x then = cosec x cot x dx
The derivative of cot x

We can differentiate y = cot x (where x is in radians) by writing it as cos x y= sin x Then we apply the quotient rule with u = cos x and v = sin x:
dy sin x( sin x ) cos x cos x = dx sin2 x
(sin2 x + cos2 x ) = sin2 x 1 = 2 sin x

= co sec 2 x
dy If y = cot x then = cosec 2 x dx

Derivatives of trigonometric functions

In summary, if x is measured in radians, then
y = sin x dy = cos x dx y = sec x dy = sec x tan x dx
dy y = cos x = sin x dx dy y = tan x = sec 2 x dx
dy y = cosec x = cosec x cot x dx dy y = cot x = cosec 2 x dx
When learning these results, it is helpful to notice that all of the trigonometric functions starting with co have negative derivatives.
Examination-style question
Contents
dy dx
and
dx dy

The quotient rule

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Given that f ( x ) =
2x , 2 x +4
a) find f (x), b) find the coordinates of any stationary points and determine their nature, c) sketch the curve y = f(x). a) Using the quotient rule: f '( x ) =
v du u dv dx dx v2
2( x 2 + 4) 2 x(2 x ) f '( x ) = ( x 2 + 4)2 2 x 2 + 8 4 x 2 2(4 x 2 ) = = 2 2 2 ( x + 4) ( x + 4)2

2(4 x 2 ) =0 b) When f(x) = 0, 2 2 ( x + 4)
2(4 x2 ) = 0
4 x2 = 0
x = 2
When x = 2, y =
4 1 = 8 2
4 1 When x = 2, y = = 8 2 2x f( x ) = 2 Therefore, the graph of the function has turning x +4 1 1 points at (2, 2 ) and (2, 2).
Looking at the gradient just before and just after x = 2:
x dy 2(4 x 2 ) = 2 Value of dx ( x + 4)2 Slope 1.9 0.01
+ive
2 0
0
2.1 0.01
ive
1 So (2, 2 ) is a maximum point.
Looking at the gradient just before and just after x = 2:

x dy 2(4 x 2 ) = 2 Value of dx ( x + 4)2 Slope 2.1 0.01
ive
2 0
0
1.9 0.01
+ive
1 So (2, 2 ) is a minimum point.

2x c) The curve y = 2 crosses the axes when x = 0 and when x +4 y = 0.
When x = 0, y = 0.
(Also, when y = 0, x = 0).
Therefore the curve has one crossing point at the origin, a 1 1 minimum at (2, 2 ) and a maximum at (2, 2 ):
y
1 2
Also,
y=
2
2x x2 + 4
x
as x , y 0
0
1 2
and,
as x , y 0+.
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A-Level Maths:: Core 3

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A-Level Maths:

The chain rule

Differentiating ex and related functions

The quotient rule

Boardworks Ltd 2006

and when xn is preceded by a constant multiplier k we have:

Products of the form f(x) g(x), such as:

f ( x) Quotients of the form , such as: g( x ) 3 x +1 e2 x x2 1 sin x

The chain rule

The chain rule

dy dy du Using the chain rule: = = 3u 2 2 dx du dx = 6u 2

The chain rule

1 dy dy du 1 2 Using the chain rule, = = 2 u 6x dx du dx

The chain rule

The chain rule using function notation

The chain rule

to represent f (x) we can

The chain rule

dy The relationship between dx and

The chain rule The relationship between

Differentiating ex and related functions

The quotient rule

Boardworks Ltd 2006

dy The relationship between dx and

Suppose we are given x as a function of y instead of y as a function of x. For instance,

Using the chain rule we can write

dy 1 dy dx = dx = 1, from which we get: dx dy dx dy dx So by the above result, if = 8y then dy dy 1 = dx 8 y

dy The relationship between dx and

Differentiating inverse functions

Using the identity cos2y = 1 sin2y

Differentiating ex and related functions

Differentiating ex and related functions

The quotient rule

Boardworks Ltd 2006

From this, it follows that

where k is a constant. For example, if y = 4ex x3

Functions of the form ekx

dy dy du Using the chain rule: = = eu 5 dx du dx = 5eu = 5e 5 x

In practice, we wouldnt need to include this much working.

Functions of the form ekx

Boardworks Ltd 2006

Functions of the form ef(x)

Using the chain rule:

= eu f '( x) = f '( x )ef ( x )

Functions of the form ef(x)

Differentiating ln x and related functions

Differentiating ex and related functions

The quotient rule

Boardworks Ltd 2006

Differentiating with respect to y gives: dx = ey dy dy 1 1 = dx = y dx dy e But ey = x so,

Functions of the form ln kx

dy dy du 3 Using the chain rule: = = dx du dx u = 3 3x

Functions of the form ln kx

Functions of the form ln (f(x))

Boardworks Ltd 2006

Functions of the form ln (f(x))

x Differentiate y = ln with respect to x. 2 x y = ln = ln x ln2 2

Functions of the form ln (f(x))

ln 2 is a constant and so it disappears when we differentiate.

2x x 1 = 2x The derivative is the same, but the algebra is more difficult.

The product rule

Differentiating ex and related functions