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Levelling basics
The purpose of levelling is to obtain measurements of differences in elevation of objects that are not vertically above each other
Horizontal Line
B A
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Contents
1. 2. 3. 4. Principles Levelling instruments & adjustment Health & safety Exercises
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1. Principles
Earth curvature Refraction Instrument errors Elimination of errors
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Earth curvature
Plumb line at A A C B
Horizontal line at A
Plumb line at B
Refraction
Vertical line at A Horizontal line at A
A
C B Line of sight from A
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Instrument error
alpha A
C B
alpha
Line of sight inclined by alpha
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Elimination of Errors
From the previous three slides it can be seen that a central set-up of the levelling instrument eliminates errors due to: 1. Earth curvature 2. Refraction 3. Instrument calibration error
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2. Levelling Instruments
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Spirit level. Optical level. Laser. Total station (three dimensional). GPS receiver (three dimensional).
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1D versus 3D
1. Complexity and cost of three dimensional instruments. 2. Earth curvature. 3. Refraction. 4. Residual instrument errors.
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Levelling methodologies
Spirit levelling Optical levelling Laser levelling
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B
A
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Spirit levelling
h4
h3
D
STRAIGHT EDGE SPIRIT LEVEL
h2
B
h1
A
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Setup 2 h4
C
h3 h2
B
Setup 1
h1
A
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A typical Level
Eyepiece
Focus Knob
Objective
Bubble
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Pendulum Clock
O
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Instrument Checks
It is advisable to check instruments at least weekly OR In accordance with your site quality assurance procedures
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Elevation view
15 m. approx. B
POSITION 1
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POSITION 2
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D A
C B
POSITION 1
POSITION 2
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Rotating Beam
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A B
B A
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2 to 3 metres.
-1.0%
theory (m)
0.002
0.200
-0.002 -0.200
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Laser Safety
Read and follow the manufacturers safety rules. 1. Do not set up the laser at eye height. 2. Blank off zones where the beam is not required. 3. Do not look into a laser beam with a telescope. 4. Avoid windows in adjacent buildings.
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4. Exercises
The following exercises have been designed to test your learning
1. 2. 3. 4.
A test on reading a levelling staff. An exercise Check a Level. An exercise Check a Laser. An exercise Undertake a level circuit.
2, 3, & 4, are group activities
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Bibliography
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Sadgrove, B.M. (2003). Setting-out procedures, 2nd edition (C707). CIRIA ISBN: 0-86017-707-6 . Non-member price: 40.00 Member price: 20.00
Davies, C. (1997). Land and Site Surveying Lecture Notes. Old Abbey Press ISBN: 0-95251-790-6. : 20.00 approx.
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THE END
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