Unit 3

KEY KNOWLEDGE KEY SKILLS Use of subjective and Evaluating adherence to the objective tools (including recall National Physical Activity surveys or diaries, pedometry, Guidelines and evaluation of accelerometry and objective and subjective observation) to assess physical methods used for assessing activity and sedentary sedentary behaviours. behaviours as described in the Participate in primary data National Physical Activity collection and structure a Guidelines report in relation to physical activity and sedentary behaviours

Outcome 1
Analyse individual and population levels of sedentary behaviour and participation in physical activity, and evaluate initiatives and strategies that promote adherence to the National Physical Activity Guidelines. U3AOS1O1 DATA ANALYSIS 2 REPORT WITHOUT QUESTIONS.docx

Measuring the Dimensions of Physical Activity

Measuring the Dimensions of Physical Activityphysical activity is to determine One of the most important aims of measuring
whether an individual, group or population is meeting the NPAG. Before we delve into the various means/tools of measuring PA, it is important to have an understanding of the DIMENSIONS OF PA & how they are measured The dimensions of physical activity include:

1. Intensity of exercise/activity ( the amount of exertion in the activity)

2. Duration of exercise/activity(How long is the activity undertaken/day/week) 3. Frequency of exercise/activity (How many times per week) 4. Type of exercise/activity (What is the activity being undertaken) When assessing the ADVANTAGES OR DISADVANTAGES of the subjective and objective measures for determining levels of physical activity, we can use the above DIMENSIONS to ascertain their validity/reliability and efficiency of providing relevant information.

Measuring the Dimensions of Physical Activity

INTENSITY OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
There are various tools to help measure exercise intensity including: 1.TALK TEST 2.PERCEIVED EXERTION 3.TARGET HEART RATE 4.METABOLIC EQUIVALENT (MET) LEVEL TALK TEST 1.LOW INTENSITY: Be able to sing while doing the activity 2.MODERATE-INTENSITY: Carry on a conversation

3.VIGOROUS: Out of breath to be able to carry on exercising (Lets Do It!)

INTENSITY OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY cont

PERCEIVED EXERTION

Measuring the Dimensions of Physical Activity

1.Perceived exertion refers to how hard the person feels their body is working. 2.Using the BORG RATING SCALE, the performer describes physical sensations felt during physical activity including:
a. b. c. d. Increases in heart rate Increases in breathing rate Increases in sweating and Muscle fatigue

The BORG RATING SCALE ranges from 6-20 where 6 is no exertion and 20 is maximal exertion

INTENSITY OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY cont

PERCEIVED EXERTION

Measuring the Dimensions of Physical Activity

LETS DO IT!

Measuring the Dimensions of Physical Activity

INTENSITY OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY cont
TARGET HEART RATE
The THR measures the speed of the heart as an indication of exercise intensity. MODERATE INTENSITY: 50-70% OF MAXIMUM HEART RATE (MHR) VIGOROUS INTENSITY: 70-85% MAXIMUM HEART RATE MAXIMAL INTENSITY: 90+ MAXIMUM HEART RATE

METABOLIC EQUIVALENT (MET) LEVEL

A more exact method of measuring exercise intensity ONE MET = THE ENERGY (02) USED BY THE BODY AS YOU SIT QUIETLY A MET rating of 1.0 occurs at rest = reference point A MET value of 6.0 indicates an intensity 6 times that of rest MODERATE INTENSITY = 3-6 METS VIGOROUS INTENSITY = 7 OR OVER METS

See page 11 of text book for MET values according to specific activities

Measuring the Dimensions of Physical Activity

DURATION OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
The duration of an activity simply refers to how long a person is engaged in an activity

FREQUENCY OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

The frequency refers to the number of physical activity bouts during a specific time period (usually the number of bouts per week)

NPAG recommend adults do at least 30 minutes/day of moderate intensity physical activity on most preferably all days (1X30min/day x 5days/week) or other variations that add up to a similar amount of exercise.

Why do we assess PA and sedentary behaviour?

To identify health issues and concerns related to health and fitness Identify at risk groups Indentify and understand current trends Monitor PA Plan appropriate interventions for promoting PA

Evaluate success of interventions

What do we assess against?

The National Physical Activity Guidelines
Children 0-5years Children 5-12years Youth 12-18years Adults 18-65 Older adults 65+ Overweight or obese children and youth Overweight or obese adults

NPAGs children (0-5years)

For healthy development in infants (0-1years), physical activity (particular floor-based play in safe environments) should be encouraged from birth. Toddlers (1 to 3 years) and preschoolers (3 to 5 years) should be physically active everyday for at least 3 hours, spread throughout the day. This is usually achieved through non-structured play time with other children/family or self

Sedentary behaviour guidelines (0-5years)

Children younger than 2 years of age should not spend any time watching television or using other electronic media (DVDs, computer and other electronic games).

For children 2 to 5 years of age, sitting and watching television and the use of electronic media should be limited to less than 1 hour.
Infants, toddlers and preschoolers should not be sedentary or inactive for more than 1 hour at a time, with the exception of sleeping.

NPAGs (children 5-12years)

At least 60mins (and up to several hours) of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) every day.

Sedentary behaviour guidelines (512years)

No more than 2 hours a day using electronic media or entertainment (e.g. computer, internet, games, TV), particularly during daylight hours (unless it is educational)

NPAGs youth (12-18)

At least 60minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity every day.

Sedentary behaviour guidelines (12-18years)

No more than 2 hours a day using electronic media or entertainment (e.g. computer, internet, games, TV), particularly during daylight hours (unless it is educational)

NPAGs adults (18-65)

Think of movement as an opportunity, not an inconvenience. Be active in as many ways as possible. Put together at least 30mins of moderate intensity physical activity on most, preferably all days. If possible, also enjoy some regular, vigorous activity for extra health and fitness.

NPAGs older adults (65+)

All people (no matter what their age, weight, health problems or abilities) should do some form of physical activity. Be active every day in as many ways as possible, doing a range of physical activities that incorporate fitness, strength, balance and flexibility. Accumulate at least 30mins of moderate intensity PA on most, preferably all days. Those who have stopped PA, or who are starting a new physical activity, should start at a level that is easily manageable and gradually build up the recommended amount, type and frequency of activity. Those who continue to enjoy a lifetime of physical activity should carry on doing so in a manner suited to their capability into later life, provided recommended safety procedures and guidelines are adhered to.

NPAGs Overweight or obese youth/children

More physical activity than is currently being engaged in should be prescribed for the prevention of obesity in children and adolescents.
Childrens activity and play vary with age and stage of development: the prescription should be based on age-appropriate activity.

NPAGS Overweight or obese adults

Overweight or obese adults should engage in 60mins of physical activity per day. Once weight has been lost, adults should accumulate 60-90mins of activity per day to avoid weight-regain. Visit for more information on NPAG: http://www.vcepehub.com/wiki/item/173522

Summary of National Physical Activity Guidelines

Robert Malpeli - Balwyn High School 2010

Robert Malpeli - Balwyn High School 2010

Assessing physical activity

KEY KNOWLEDGE Use of subjective and objective tools (including recall surveys or diaries, pedometry, accelerometry and observation) to assess physical activity and sedentary behaviours as described in the National Physical Activity Guidelines

KEY SKILLS Evaluating adherence to the National Physical Activity Guidelines and evaluation of objective and subjective methods used for assessing sedentary behaviours. Participate in primary data collection and structure a report in relation to physical activity and sedentary behaviours

Subjective vs objective
Subjective = qualitative analysis or descriptive recall Easily administered to large groups Are less reliable measures of PA and inactivity Include: recall, logbooks, proxy reports and diaries Objective = quantitative or analysis of numerical data Can be highly accurate and is more reliable than subjective measures

Can be expensive and time consuming

Include: pedometry, accelerometry and observational tools

Selecting appropriate measurement instruments

When a large number of people are samples, a low cost subjective measure is generally used When sampling individuals or small numbers of people objective measures are more likely to be used

Define reactivity
Reactivity = how much an individual or a population group reacts to a measure of physical activity Observation is highly reactive, unless you hide the person doing the observing

You can reduce the reactivity of some measures eg. covering the monitor that records the step on a pedometer

Methods to assess PA
Observational tools

Proxy report

Pedometers

Recall survey

Accelerometry

Diary or log

Pedometer (Objective)
Motion sensor that are usually worn on the hip or ankle of the dominant leg and measure vertical forces Depending on the model they can collect a range of data: steps taken which can be used to estimate distance covered, estimate energy expenditure They dont reliably measure upper body activities, swimming, cycling and some dancing, jumping, side to side activities and anything involving a gradient (hill) They are highly valid and reliable when measuring walking.

NPAG for adults: 10,000 steps per day.

Distribute pedometers to students have students record steps for one day with pedometer face covered.

Accelerometer (Objective)
An electromechanical device that detects acceleration the greater the acceleration the greater the force produced this can be used to measure effort. They are small and are worn at the hip Information that is collected is then downloaded into a computer

They collect info on frequency, duration & intensity as well as recording movements in real time
They are highly reliable and valid for most types of PA but do not measure sedentary behaviour They do not provide context and are expensive http://thepegeek.com/software/

Observational tools (Objective)

Both PA and sedentary behaviour can be measured in real time or from a recording (video) A trained observer watches participants and records information about selected behaviours and demographics (age, gender, etc) Observation is time consuming and can be highly reactive It is qualitative data which is not as reliable as quantitative data.

Recall surveys (Subjective)

Are questionnaires that ask people to recall information about the dimensions of PA over a specific time period Depending on the length of time participants are being asked to recall information over, will alter the reliability and validity of the measure.

They can assess all dimensions across all domains as well as measuring sedentary behaviour
Social-desirability basis can be a limiting factor They are not suitable for young children, the elderly or disabled people

Diaries and logbooks (Subjective)

They record the information per the instructions given on the relevant dimensions and domains This is valid as long as the burden is not too great on the participant An unstructured diary is not as reliable as a structured logbook Parents can complete proxy reports for young children this may increase social desirability bias Time is required as the data is extensive and takes time to analyse

Proxy Reports (Subjective)

Proxy reports are used when an individual reports on behalf of someone else primarily when their cognitive ability of the person isnt sufficient to accurately complete the survey This situation may occur if the surveyed participants are:

1. Very young (under 10)

2. A person with cognitive problems or the elderly

Exam Questions