K. SYED ABUDAHEER, M.P.T., M.I.A.P.

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

PLAN
Introduction of Research Objectives of Research Motivation of Research Terminologies Types of Research

Unscientific methods of Problem solving

Scientific methods of Problem solving / Research process Criteria for good Research Problems encountered by Researchers in India

The Physical therapist As Contributor to Research

Survival and Growth through Research The role of Research in Physical therapy

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

INTRODUCTION
Search of knowledge It is a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on

specific topic
According to Oxford Dictionary (1952, p1069), A careful inquiry

specially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge

According to Clifford Woody research comprises defining and

redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested solution; collecting, organizing and evaluating data; making deductions and

reaching conclusion; and at last carefully testing the conclusions to

determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis.

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
To gain familiarity with a phenomenon

To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular

individual, situation or a group

To determine the frequency with which something occurs

or with which it is associated with something else

To identify the casual relationship between variables

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

MOTIVATION IN RESEARCH
Desire to get a research degree along with its consequential

benefits
Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved

problems
Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work Desire to be of service to society

Desire to get respectability

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

SOME TERMINOLOGIES
Data: Measurement of records of facts made under specific

conditions
Hypothesis: tentative assumption of the study or expected

results of the study

Independent variable: The part of the experiment that

the researcher is manipulating; also called experimental or

treatment variable.

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

SOME TERMINOLOGIES
Dependent variable: The effect of the Independent

variable
Population: A total number of subjects which they abide

the inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Paradigm crisis phenomenon: development of

discrepancies leading to proposals of new paradigm that

better explain the data.
K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

SOME TERMINOLOGIES
Review: A research paper that is a critical evaluation

of research on a particular topic.

Research proposal / Synopsis: A formal preparation

that includes introduction, review of literature and proposed method of conducting study.

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

TYPES OF RESEARCH
1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Descriptive research Analytical research Applied research Basic research Quantitative research Qualitative research Conceptual research

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
Surveys & fact finding enquiries of different kinds Purpose is description of the state of affairs as it exists

at present. Researcher has no control over the variables; he can only report what has happened or what is happening.

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

SUBIVISIONS OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

Survey research
The case study Job analysis Observational research Correlation study Comparative study Epidemiological research

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

ANALYTICAL RESEARCH
Involves in-debth study and evaluation of available

information in an attempt to explain complex phenomenon. The researcher has to use facts or information already available and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material.

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

SUBDIVISIONS OF ANALYTICAL RESEARCH

Historical research
Philosophical research Review Research synthesis ( meta analysis i.e. analysis the

review that already published)

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

APPLIED / ACTION RESEARCH

Finding a solution an immediate problem
Say a solution

SUBTYPES Marketing research Evaluation research

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

BASIC /PURE/ FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH

generalization and with the formulation of theory Natural phenomenon and mathematics are the examples of basic research Finding information in broad base.

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Based on measurement of quantity or amount
Weighing, measuring are the examples of quantitative

research

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Phenomena relating quality or kind
Character, personality and man kind are the examples

of variable used to measure the qualitative research Word association test, Sentence completion test are the examples of qualitative research

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

CONCEPTUAL / EXERIMENTAL RESEARCH

Related to some abstract ideas / theory experiment
Attempt to establish cause and effect relationship

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

UNSCIENTIFIC METHODS OF PROBLEM SOLVING

Tenacity
Intuition Authority The Rationalistic method The Empirical method

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

TENACITY
Sometime cling to certain beliefs despite lack of

supporting evidence Superstitions are good examples of this method called tenacity. Coaches and athletes wearing same dress Black cat brought bad luck

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

INTUITION
Intuitive knowledge is sometimes considered to be

common sense or self evident Factual evidence Self evident truth sometime may found to be false

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

AUTHORITY
Reference to some authority has long been used as a

source of knowledge. Galileos telescope Ptolemys explanation about world and heaven

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

THE RATIONALISTIC METHOD

Derive knowledge through reasoning Basket ball players are tall. Tony is a basket ball player Therefore, tony is tall

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

THE EMPIRICAL METHOD

Describes data or a study that is based on objective

observation Gathering data is scientific method experience plays major role.

but here

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SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF PROBLEM SOLVING / RESEARCH PROCESS

Formulating research problem Review of literature Developing hypothesis Preparing research and sample design Collecting data Execution of project Analysis of data Hypothesis testing Discussion Preparation of report or thesis
K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

FORMULATING RESEARCH PROBLEM

Problems are divided two types Problems which relate to state of nature Those which relate correlation between variables Subject of interest to be selected as a problem Always select unsolved problem Initially, may propose in Broadway and ambiguities may resolved Feasibility

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

FORMULATING RESEARCH PROBLEM

Understanding the problem thoroughly Rephrasing the same into meaningful term Discuss the problems with colleagues Staff members and guide Take a view of old reviews The

final question should be precise and grammatically correct and should state exactly what you expect to learn as a result of a study.

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Journals
References Reports Books Library is good friend Internet and websites

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

DEVELOPING HYPOTHESIS
It should be very specific and limited to the piece of

research in hand because it has to be tested. The role of hypothesis is to guide the researcher by delimiting the area of research and to keep him on the right track.

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

DEVELOPING HYPOTHESIS
Discussion with colleagues and experts about the

problem, its origin and the objectives in seeking solution Examinations of data and records Review of similar studies in the area or of the studies on similar problems Personal investigation which involves original field interviews.

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

PREPARING RESEARCH AND SAMPLE DESIGN

State the conceptual structure within which research would

be conducted Type of research design Experimental , quasi experimental and non experimental Setting of the study Population Criteria for selection Variables Sample selection

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COLLECTING DATA
Several ways are there to collect the appropriate data
Primary data and secondary data By observation Personal interview Telephone interview Questionnaires Survey

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

EXECUTION OF PROJECT
It is a very important step in research process If it is proceeds on correct lines, the data to be

collected would be adequate and dependable. The step should be taken that the data should be in the control of statistics so that the collected information is in accordance with the pre defined designed to tackle this problem

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

ANALYSIS OF DATA
The analysis of data requires a number of closely

related operations such as establishment of categories, the application of theses categories to raw data through tabulation, coding and editing like statistical interference.

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

ANALYSIS OF DATA
Coding: this operation is usually done at this stage

through which the categories of data are transformed into symbols that may be tabulated and counted. Editing: it is the procedure that improves the quality of the data for coding Tabulation: It is a part of the technical procedure wherein the classified data are put in the form of tables.

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

HYPOTHESIS TESTING
After analyzing the data, the researcher is in position

to test the hypothesis. Inference Student t test, Chi-square, F- test are the examples of statistical techniques At end, researcher have reject or not reject the null hypothesis.

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

DISCUSSION
Chapter or section of a research report that explains

what the results mean. Its very important section to add the appropriate supportive literatures.

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

PREPARATION OF REPORT OR THESIS

The layout of the report should be as follows. Preliminary pages The main text The end matter

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

CRITERIA FOR GOOD RESEARCH

The purpose of the research should be clearly defined and common concepts be used The research procedure used should be described in sufficient detail to permit another researcher to repeat the research for further advancement, keeping the continuity of what has already been attained. The procedure design of the research should be carefully planned to yield results that tare as objectives as possible
K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

CRITERIA FOR GOOD RESEARCH

The researcher should report with complete frankness,

flaws in procedural design and estimate their effects upon the findings. The analysis of data should be sufficiently adequate to reveal its significance and the method of analysis used should be appropriate. The validity and reliability of the data should be checked carefully.

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

CRITERIA FOR GOOD RESEARCH

Conclusions should be confined to those justified by

the data of the research and limited to those for which the data provide an adequate basis. Greater confidence in research is warranted if the researcher is experienced, has a good reputation in research and is a person of integrity.

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED BY RESEARCHERS IN INDIA

The lack of a scientific training in the methodology of

research There is insufficient interaction between university and the companies Confidentiality Research studies overlapping one another are undertaken quire often for want of adequate information

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED BY RESEARCHERS IN INDIA

Does not exist a code of conduct
Improper library management and functioning Improper delivery of government orders, reports and

etc., Time availability improper Funding source

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

THE PHYSICAL THERAPIST AS CONTRIBUTOR TO RESEARCH

Worthingam (1959) stated that to be professional,

members of a group must posses a body of knowledge that is both identifiable and different from that of other professions. They must also assume responsibility for adding to that body of knowledge

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

THE PHYSICAL THERAPIST AS CONTRIBUTOR TO RESEARCH

Each physical therapy clinician should be conversant enough with research methods to know from whom to seek help when initiating a research project. Though participation in such clinical research the physical therapist can improve patient care. A clinician who has studied research methods knows rigorous investigation is required before any conclusions about the effect of a treatment can be drawn.
K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

SURVIVAL & GROWTH THROUGH RESEARCH

Health care professionals unable to prove that they

prevent disease, improve health or restore function will not be reimbursed for their service Physical therapy cannot justify its existence on the basis of what it does for patients, it will cease to be a profession in all too short time.

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

SURVIVAL & GROWTH THROUGH RESEARCH

Instead of viewing increased accountability as a

problem or threat, we must view it as an opportunity to document the positive contributions physical therapy makes to the public it serves. The bridge between what physical therapists believe they contribute to improving patient function and the documentation of those improvements is clinical research.

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

Role of research in PT
Clinical service
Academic service Research oriented.

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)