LASER AND APPLICATION

HEMENDRA MEHAR (10D070061) KAPIL YADAV (10D070062) MAYANK MALOO(10D070063)

OUTLINE
Basics of LASER Characteristics and Principle

LASER Construction

Types of LASER
Applications
LASER Cooling

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER)

A

LASER is a device that generates a coherent beam of light(electromagnetic radiation) through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of photons. The emitted laser light is notable for its high degree of spatial and temporal coherence.

Incandescent vs. Laser Light

1. Multiple Wavelengths 2. Multidirectional

1. Monochromatic(Single Wavelength)
2. Uni-Directional 3. Coherent

3. Incoherent

CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER LIGHT

MONOCHROMATIC DIRECTIONAL

COHERENT
The combination of these three properties makes laser light focus 100 times better than ordinary light

Principle of STIMULATED EMISSION

Incident Photon

Excited Atom

Incident Photon

Stimulated Photon same wavelength same direction in phase

LASER COstruction
GAIN MEDIUM Optical Resonator Gain Medium
High Reflectance Mirror (HR) Output Beam

Solid (Crystal) Gas Semiconductor (Diode) Liquid (Dye)

PUMP SOURCE

Output Coupler Mirror (OC)

Pump Source

Optical Electrical Chemical

OPTICAL RESONATOR

The Gain Medium contains atoms which can emit light by stimulated emission.

HR Mirror and Output Coupler

The Pump source is a source of energy to excite the atoms to the proper energy state.
The Optical Resonator reflects the laser beam through the active medium for amplification.

Pump Source
Provides energy to the laser system Pumps can be optical, electrical, chemical or thermal in nature. Examples: electrical discharges, flashlamps, arc lamps and chemical reactions. The type of pump source used depends on the gain medium. Important parameters governing this type of pumping are the electron excitation cross-sections and the lifetimes of the energy levels. A Helium-Neon (HeNe) laser uses an electrical discharge in the helium-neon gas mixture.

Gain Medium
Determining factor of the wavelength of operation of the laser. Excited by the pump source to produce a population inversion. Here spontaneous and stimulated emission of photons takes place, leading to the phenomenon of optical gain, or amplification. The most important requirement of the amplifying medium is its ability to support a population inversion between two energy levels of the laser atoms. Example: solid, liquid, gas and semiconductor.

Optical Resonator
Two parallel mirrors placed around the Laser medium. Light from the medium, produced by spontaneous emission, is reflected by the mirrors back into the medium, where it may be amplified by stimulated emission. The design and alignment of the mirrors with respect to the medium is crucial in determining the exact wavelength Spinning mirrors, modulators, filters and absorbers may be added to produce a variety of effects on the laser output.

HELIUM-NEON GAS LASER

Courtesy of Metrologic, Inc.

SOLID STATE LASER

High Reflectance Mirror (HR) Elliptical Reflector Output Coupler Mirror (OC)

Solid State Rod

Arc or Flash Lamp

Single Lamp

Power Supply

Double Lamp

NEODYMIUM YAG LASER

Rear Mirror Adjustment Knobs Safety Shutter Polarizer Assembly (optional)
Coolant Beam Tube Adjustment Knob

Output Mirror Beam Beam Tube

Q-switch
(optional)

Nd:YAG Laser Rod Flashlamps

Pump Cavity Laser Cavity Harmonic Generator (optional)

DIODE LASER
Metallic Contact 10 - 20 mm Current Distribution

SiO2

P-N Junction Cleaved Facet

Elliptical Beam

LASER APPLICATIONS

Scientific Military Industrial and Commercial

Medical

Scientific Applications Spectroscopy

The

high intensity of light can be achieved in a small, well collimated beam (LASER) . Due to the high power densities achievable by lasers, beam-induced atomic emission is possible. This technique is termed Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS).

PHOTOCHEMISTRY
Some

laser systems,can produce extremely brief pulses of light - as short as picoseconds or femtoseconds (1012 - 1015 seconds).
pulses can be used to initiate and analyse chemical reactions, a technique known as Photochemistry

Such

Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR)

LIDAR

is an optical remote sensing technology that can measure the distance to, or other properties of a target by illuminating the target with light, often using pulses from a laser. LIDAR technology has application in , geography, geology, geomorphology, forestry, remote sensing..etc...

Medical Applications
Cosmetic surgery
Removing

tattoos,

scars,

stretch marks, sunspots, wrinkles, birthmarks

Laser in Dentistry
Tooth decay Lasers are used to remove decay within a tooth and prepare the surrounding enamel for receipt of the filling. Gum disease Lasers are used to reshape gums and remove bacteria

Teeth Whitening Lasers are used to speed up the inoffice teeth whitening procedures. A peroxide bleaching solution, applied to the tooth surface, is "activated" by laser energy

Industrial and Commercial Applications

Laser

Cutting A technology that uses a laser to cut materials Industrial laser cutters are used to cut flat-sheet material as well as structural and piping materials.

READER

A Barcode Reader (or Barcode Scanner) is an electronic device for reading printed barcodes It consists of a (laser)light source, a lens and a light sensor translating optical impulses into electrical ones.

Laser Beam Welding

This

welding technique is used to join multiple pieces of metal through the use of a laser. The beam provides a concentrated heat source, allowing for narrow, deep welds and high welding rates. Frequently used in the automotive industry.

Laser Printing

Laser Printing is a digital printing process that rapidly produces high quality text and graphics on plain paper. laser printers employ a xerographic printing process. The image is produced by the direct scanning of a laser beam across the printer's photoreceptor.

Military Applications
Military

uses of lasers include applications such

as Target designation and ranging, Defensive counter measures, Directed energy weapons.

LASER COOLING

Developed by the winners of 1997 Nobel prize(Chu,Cohen Tannoundji,Phillips)

Atomic

and molecular samples are cooled through interaction with laser light fields.

Absolute

Zero (0K)- Unachievable 0.18 k Achievable using Laser Cooling

Bose-Einstein

Condensation Atoms become Ultracold(~0K) Atoms are in lowest energy state neither gas, nor liquid, nor solidcalled a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC)

Why do we need Ultracold atoms?

Optical

Atom Clock-

Worlds most accurate clock is made using quantum cooling clock neither gains nor loses a second in more than 200 million years.

Atomic

level Research
Ultacold Atoms

Atoms at Room Temperature

500 meters per second

20 centimeters per second

It becomes very easy to perform atomic level experiments at such low speeds.

Why do we need Ultracold atoms?

Quantum Computing

Atomic Vibration can be used as a binary data.

laser coolers would be entirely solid-state devices Ideal for space applications

Cooling -

Setup

Laser Cooling: Methodology

Two

processes-

Cooling Trapping of atoms at the center

- So

that they do not absorb heat by touching the container wall

How

are the processes done?

Cooling Laser light and Doppler effect Trapping Magnetic trap

How the atoms cool?

Cooling an atom is equivalent to slowing down its to and fro vibrations.

Laser light of accurately matched wavelength is applied on moving atoms which slows them down.How? See next slide

HOW THE ATOMS COOL?

How cooling works

There are fast moving atoms and slow moving atoms and laser is applied on all atoms present.

What about already slowed down atoms? Wont they gain momentum by laser? Yes
Use Doppler Effect

Moving train example

MAGNETIC TRAPPING
Magnetic

trapping is created by adding a spatially varying magnetic field to the laser light field needed for the laser cooling. This causes a zeeman shift in the magnetic sensitive levels.

Magnetic Trapping
The

Zeeman shift increases with the radial distance from the center of the trap. an atom moves away from the center of the trap, the atomic resonance is shifted closer to the frequency of the laser light ,and the atom becomes more likely to get a photon kick towards the center of the trap.

As

REFERENCES
ATOMS IN UNISON IN THE COOLEST GAS IN THE UNIVERSE,BY K.Y MICHAEL WONG,UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG,CHINA LASER COOLING AND TRAPPING ,BY HAROLD J METCALF AND PETER VAN DER STRATEN OPTICAL REFRIGERATION BY RICHARD EPSTEIN WIKIPEDIA.. GOOGLE

THANK YOU