Professional Documents
Culture Documents
by
Air Pollution
The presence of contaminants in air to such a degree that adversely affects our health,
Damage to natural and physical capital, amenity losses, contribution to climate change.
Policy development, prioritization of management action and project siting
Natural
Man-Made
Volume source of pollution is a three-dimensional source of pollutant emissions. Essentially, it is an area source with a third dimension. Examples of a volume source of pollution are:
Dust emissions from the wind erosion of uncovered gravel piles, sand piles, limestone piles, coal piles, etc. Fugitive gaseous emissions from pipe flanges, packed valve seals, gas compressor seals, control valve seals, piping and vessel seals within industrial facilities such as oil refineries and petrochemical plants. Buildings, containing air pollutant emission sources, with no singular emission vent (i.e., buildings with multiple roof vents or multiple open windows).
Tanks Modeling
Area sources are sources of pollution which emit a substance or radiation from a specified area. For example, area sources of air pollution are air pollutant emission sources which operate within a certain locality. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has categorized 70 different categories of air pollution area source. Locomotives operating on certain linear tracks are examples of a line source, whereas locomotives operating within a railyard are an example of an area source of pollution.
Multiple flue gas stacks within a single industrial plant Open burning and forest fires Evaporation losses from large spills of volatile liquids
Oil Spill
Forest Fire
Industrial Plant
Point source of pollution is a single identifiable localized source of air, water, thermal, noise or light pollution. A point source has negligible extent, distinguishing it from other pollution source geometries. The sources are called point sources because in mathematical modeling, they can be approximated as a mathematical point to simplify analysis. Pollution point sources are identical to other physics, engineering, optics and chemistry point sources except that their emissions have been labeled
Water pollution from an oil refinery wastewater discharge outlet Noise pollution from a jet engine Disruptive seismic vibration from a localized seismic study Light pollution from an intrusive street light Thermal pollution from an industrial process outfall Radio emissions from an interference-producing electrical device
Line source is a source of air, noise, water contamination or electromagnetic radiation that emanates from a linear (onedimensional) geometry. The most prominent linear sources are roadway air pollution, aircraft air emissions, roadway noise, certain types of water pollution sources that emanate over a range of river extent rather than from a discrete point, elongated light tubes, and electromagnetic antennas. While point sources of pollution were studied since the late nineteenth century, linear sources did not receive much attention from scientists until the late 1960s, when environmental regulations for highways and airports began to emerge. At the same time, computers with the processing power to accommodate the data processing needs of the computer models required to tackle these one-dimensional sources became more available.
Parameters Monitored
Traditional Criteria Pollutants SO2, NO2, CO, O3, PM (10 and 2.5) and lead Lead receives little attention now Recent focus is on O3 and PM2.5
Non-traditional Acid Rain Secondary Pollutants SO4, NO3, O3 Meteorological Parameters Wind speed, wind direction, horizontal turbulence, vertical turbulence, temperature, temperature profile, solar radiation and precipitation
10
program working? Assess environmental risk - how bad is the problem? Corroborate the emission inventories Validate the models - how good are the model predictions? Establishment of Ambient Air Quality Standards Determine whether or not a National Standards/International has been exceeded
12
Conduct monitoring
Routine operation Quality control Field documentation
Data review and Validation Data summaries Consider monitoring uncertainties Dispersion modeling applications
13
14
Lead from gasoline- a problem of the past as leaded gasoline has been phased out.
Fine and ultra fine particles in vehicle exhaust present concern. Ozone precursors (HC and NOx) in vehicle exhaust emerging problem for the future. Current reality Old polluting fleets and low replacement rates. Fuel adulteration, poor quality and vehicle maintenance culture. Weak administrative capacity to regulate and monitor. Future challenge Rising income and motorization will increase pollution.
20
21
Particulate Matter
Very small particles of soot, dust, or other
22
Particulate Matter
Where Does It Come From?
Diesel engines Power plants Industries Windblown dust Wood stoves Pollen Other sources
23
Particulate Matter
What are the health effects?
Breathing problems due to damage and irritation to the lungs Aggravation of asthma, lung, or heart disease in people who already have these problems Chronic bronchitis Irritation of eyes, throat, skin, & nose Especially children, elderly, people with chronic respiratory problem
24
Particulate Matter
What are the environmental effects?
Damage to crops Decreased visibility (regional haze) Damage to buildings and statues
25
26
Indirect Effect
More Aerosols More Cloud Droplets More Sunlight Will Be Reflected.
27
Carbon Monoxide
What is it?
A colorless, odorless gas.
Carbon Monoxide
Where can it be formed? Incorrectly vented furnaces Gas water heaters Gas stoves and clothes dryers Fireplaces that are blocked by debris Non-electric space heaters Charcoal grills used inside as heaters Automobiles idling in closed garages
31
Carbon Oxides
Effects
CO binds to hemoglobin in place of oxygen Affinity for CO ~ 200x higher than for O2 Continued exposure can lead to Impairment of vision Reduced manual dexterity Poor learning ability Difficulty performing complex tasks Greater risk of heart attacks in people with certain forms of heart disease (e.g. angina)
32
33
Effects Strong oxidizing agent Reacts readily in air to form nitric acid and nitrates Health Irritate lungs and lower resistance to respiratory infections Lung damage Environment Impair plant growth Damage plant foliage Contribute to acid rain - Leaching of minerals from soil - Acidification of lakes and waterways Contribute to eutrophication of lakes and waterways
34
Sulfur Dioxide
A gaseous compound made up of sulfur and oxygen It is a major component of acid rain It is very smelly
Where does it come from? It comes from the burning of coal and oil. Power plants and industries Coal-burning stoves Refineries
35
Impair plant growth Damage plant foliage Contribute to acid rain - Leaching of minerals from soil - Acidification of lakes and waterways
36
37
% of Total
2.89 76.52 0.22 0.01 1.37 2.53 1.37
39
Table Contd
% of Total
1.02 0.01
10.31
2.60
0.29 0.29
Total
100.00
40
% of Total
37.92 32.89 5.034
5.369
0.336 5.034 11.07 5.369 2.685 0.671
Metals
Others
2.349
41
Source Category
Solid waste (total)
Miscellaneous (total) Forest wildfires
% of Total
3.02
42.62 1.678
0.671
0.336 27.18
12.42 100.00
42
Ozone
Where can it be found?
Stratosphere - protects us from UV rays of the
sun good ozone Troposphere - ground-level ozone - the air we breathe - bad ozone
43
Ground-level Ozone
Where do the pollutants that form ground-level ozone come from?
Air emissions from industry
Motor vehicle exhaust Gasoline vapors
Chemical solvents
44
Ozone (O3)
Effects (Primary constituent of photochemical smog)
Health
Respiratory inflammation Reduction of lung function Chest pain, coughing, nausea, pulmonary congestion Permanent lung damage from repeated exposure Impair plant growth Damage plant foliage
Environment
Ozone causes several billion dollars in agricultural crop loss each year
Damage to forest ecosystems
45
VOCs
Sources Gasoline vapors (gas tanks, gas cans)
46
microbes
Dissolve in Ocean, Take-up by plants Precipitation Scavenging then to Sulphate
CO2
(2-10 YEARS)
SO2
(20 MIN-7 DAYS)
NOX
(3-5 DAYS)
H-Cs
(1.5-2 YEARS METHANE)
OZONE
(2HRS-3 DAYS)
Fog
Sunshine Wind Velocity
+
+ + + + -
Remain Same
Sunshine Initiate the Oxidation
Less Pollution Near The Source But Faster & Wider Distribution Greater Contamination Lighter Wind; Less Dispersion Dilution Of Contamination
Mountains, Hills
Remain Same
48
Feasibility Study for Development of Transport Pollution Control Plan for Karachi Metropolis (CDGK)
61
62
To establish the Baseline Data on the Status of Ambient Air, Water, Noise and Soil Pollution in Karachi To assess the Impact of Pollution Generated by Operation of Vehicular Traffic on physical, living and social Environment To propose remedial measures and course of action to control ambient pollution To prepare a feasibility study report on transport control plan dealing with issues related to fuel, vehicles & their operators for providing clean environment
64
Methodology
67
69
70 Contd
World Bank
-WHO
--
--
70
9 ppm (10,000mg/m3)
--
(0.11 )
NEQS Pakistan
--
--
--
85
Raised levels of pollutants on major transport corridors range between 10-40 ppb SO2 (140 ppb US EPA), 20-241 ppb NOx (50 ppb annual USEPA), 2-17 ppm CO (9 ppm 8-hourly avg USEPA), 160-616 ppm CO2, 40-490 mg/m3 PM10 (150 mg/m3 USEPA ), 5-47 ppb O3 (80 ppb 8hourly avg USEPA), 7-79 mg/m3 Toluene and 58-99 dB(A) Noise (85 dB(A) NEQS)
71 Contd
NOx
ppb
CO
ppm
CO2 ppm
334
PM10
mg/m3
O3
ppb
Noise
dB(A)
22
115
242
18
78
(150 mg/m3)
--
120
--
85
72
Pollution Load
Vehicular emissions from Gasoline operated vehicles during 2004-2005
Air Pollutants from use of gasoline CO2 HC SO2 NOx Daily Emissions (Tons) 2106.48 11.397 0.424 8.096 Yearly Emissions (Tons)
PM10
Total Emission
1.872
2128.269
683.28
776818.2
73
Pollution Load
Vehicular emissions from Diesel operated vehicles during 2004-2005
Air Pollutants from use of diesel Daily Emissions (Tons) Yearly Emissions (Tons)
CO2
HC SO2 NOx CO PM10 Total Emission
5585.12
5.418 27.717 22.924 90.654 5.002 5736.835
2038569
1977.57 10116.71 8367.26 33088.71 1825.73 2093945
74
Taxies, 3%
Car/Jeep, 47.62%
78
PM 6%
HCs 38%
NOx 27%
SO2 1%
CO2
HCs
SO2
NOx
PM
CO
79
SO2 23%
CO 54%
PM 3%
CO2 HCs SO2 NOx PM
NOx 14%
CO
80
Project Benefits
Improvement of the road environment & performance of vehicles in operation
Enhancement in the quality of manpower involved in operation and repair / maintenance of the vehicles
Establish a monitoring system to keep a check on the performance of the management system Improve quality of life of the in-habitants, labors & workers
91
92
SCIAMACHY(ENVISAT) CO Column(1018Molecules/cm2)
93
MODIS CO (Molecules/cm2)
94
EUMETSAT (NO2)
95
103