Trng i hc cng nghip h ni

Khoa C KH B MN CNG NGH

bi ging mn cng ngh cnc

(Dng cho h DH)

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cng Cng ngh CNC

Chng 1: Tong quan ve cong nghe CNC

1.1. Lch s pht trin ca my cng c CNC

1.2. Khi nim v iu khin s.

1.3. c im v cu trc ca my cng c CNC 1.4. Cc phng php lu tr d liu 1.5. H thng truyn dn trong my cng c CNC 1.6. H thng o ng dch chuyn trong my cng c iu khin s.
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1.1. Lch s pht trin ca my cng c CNC:

tng v iu khin my bng cc lnh nh cc my CNC xut hin t th k XIV, n c pht trin v hon thin dn cho n ngy nay, vi mt s mc lch s nh sau: Nm 1808 Toseph v M Jacquard dng ba tn c l iu khin cc my dt (ba c l l vt mang tin). Nm 1938 Claude Shannon bo v lun n tin s Vin cng ngh MIT (M) vi ni dung tnh ton chuyn giao d liu dng nh phn. Nm 1946 tin s John W.Mauchly cung cp my tnh s in t u tin c tn ENIAC cho qun i M. Nm 1954 Bendix mua bn quyn ca Pasons v ch to ra b iu khin NC hon chnh u tin c s dng cc bng in t. Nm 1954, pht trin ngn ng biu trng c gi l ngn ng lp trnh t ng APT

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Nm 1957, khng qun M trang b nhng my NC u tin Nm 1960, k thut bn dn thay th cho h thng iu khin xung rle, n in t. Nm 1965, gii php thay dng c t ng ATC (Automatic Tool Changer). Nm 1968, k thut mch tch hp IC ra i c tin cy cao hn. Nm 1972, h iu khin NC (numerical control trung tm iu khin s) u tin c lp t my tnh nh Nm 1979, hnh thnh khp ni lin hon CAD/CAM CNC. Ngy nay cc my cng c CNC (computer numerical control trung tm iu khin s c s tr gip ca my tnh) hon thin hn vi tnh nng vt tri c th gia cng hon chnh chi tit trn mt my gia cng, vi s ln g t t nht. c bit chng c th gia cng cc chi tit c b mt phc tp.

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1.2. Khi nim v iu khin s:

iu khin s NC c hip hi cng nghip in t (EIA) ca M nh ngha l: Mt h thng trong cc hot ng c iu khin bi d liu s c a trc tip vo t mt im no . H thng phi t ng bin dch ti thiu mt phn no ca d liu ny. D liu cn thit to ra mt chi tit gi l mt chng trnh chi tit (part program). My cng c iu khin theo chng trnh s gi l my cng c NC v my cng c CNC.
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1.3. c im v cu trc my cng c CNC: 1.3.1. Cu trc:

Cu to my cng c CNC v c bn ging my cng c truyn thng. S khc nhau ch cc thit b lin quan ti qu trnh gia cng c iu khin bi my tnh (hnh 1.1, hnh 1.2). H thng CNC gm 6 phn: Chng trnh gia cng (part program). Thit b c chng trnh (program input device). H iu khin my (MCU). H thng truyn ng (drive system). My cng c (machine tool). H thng phn hi (feedback system).
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Hnh 1.1: Cu trc my CNC

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Cm bin 2 ng c 2

cng Cng ngh CNC

Cng sut

C ng c chnh

Thn my
CNC Phi

Bn my X

Dao

Bn my Y ng c X ng c Y Vit me bi Cm bin Y

Khuch i cng xut

Cm bin X

Phn hi

Hnh 1.2:S cu trc ca my phay 3 trc

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1.3.2. c im v cu trc ca my cng c CNC: 1.3.2.1. Chc nng:

Di y l bng so snh chc nng c bn gia my cng c truyn thng, my cng c NC v my cng c CNC.

My cng c truyn thng

u vo: i hi phi iu chnh bng tay theo bn v, g phi v dao ct tng ng.

My NC
u vo: Chng trnh NC c a ti b iu khin thng qua bng c l.

My CNC
u vo: Cc chng trnh NC c th c nhp vo bng bn phm, a t hoc cp truyn. B iu khin lu tr chng trnh NC trong b nh trn a cng.

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iu khin bng tay: Ngi th t cc thng s gia cng (s vng quay, chiu su ct,) bng tay.

cng Cng ngh CNC

iu khin CNC: Cc chc nng iu khin do my vi tnh tch hp trong b iu khin CNC v phn mm tng ng m nhn. B nh trong c dng cha cc chng trnh, chng trnh con, d liu my, dao ct v b dao, cc chu trnh gia cng. Phn mm gim st sai s cng c tch hp trong b iu khin.

iu khin NC: B iu khin NC x l cc thng tin v ng chy dao v lng d ri truyn cc tn hiu n my.

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iu khin kch thc: Ngi th phi o v kim tra kch thc bng dng c cm tay v nu cn thit, phi lp li qu trnh gia cng.

cng Cng ngh CNC

iu khin kch thc: My CNC m bo s n nh kch thc trong qu trnh gia cng bng nhng thng tin phn hi lin tc t h thng o v cc ng c servo c iu khin bng s vng quay. Cc servo o lng gim st v iu khin kch thc ngay trong qu trnh gia cng.

iu khin kch thc: My NC m bo s n nh kch thc trong qu trnh gia cng bng nhng thng tin phn hi lin tc t h thng o l cc ng c servo.

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cng Cng ngh CNC

1.3.2. c im: Nhng u im ca my cng c CNC so vi my cng c truyn thng: Tc ct cao ca my CNC cng vi vic gim thi gian ph, thi gian chun b v kt thc cho php nng cao nng sut gia cng. Di y l cc nhn t c nh hng quan trng: -Lp trnh bng tay trc tip trn my cng c -Cho php lu cc qu trnh gia cng lp li nhiu ln di dng cc chng trnh con. -M t hnh dng chi tit cn gia cng bng cc thng s hnh hc n gin. -T ng tin dao cho n khi t kch thc cn gia cng. -T ng khi to cc chc nng my v can thip ngay khi pht hin li hoc nhiu.
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cng Cng ngh CNC

T ng gim st gia cng thng qua iu khin CNC (o v kim tra t ng). + C th iu chnh dao ct s b m khng nh hng n tin trnh gia cng ca my. Cht lng gia cng n nh, t ph phm. chnh xc kch thc tng do chnh xc c hc c bn ca my cng c cao (1/1000mm). Thi gian chy khng ct v chuyn bc gia cng ngn. Tn dng my c nhiu hn. Lm vic linh hot trong h thng sn xut, tng ng l kh nng x l nhiu phi cng mt lc vi phc tp cao mt cch thng minh. Cc d liu nhp vo my c x l qua b khuch i v gi ti cc ng c.
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Trn mi u trc u c gn ng c ring

bit iu khin di chuyn ca cc trc.

Trn mi u trc u c gn b cm bin tc

(cc b cm bin ny c nhim v phn hi thng tin v bng iu khin hiu chnh nhng d liu nu c sai lch s pht ra tn hiu iu chnh). Cc thng tin trao i vi nhau din ra trong vng trn khp kn. Do c nhng u im trn, cc my cng c CNC ngy cng tr nn ph bin trong gia cng ct gt. Phm vi ng dng rng ri chnh l c tnh in hnh ca my cng c CNC.

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cng Cng ngh CNC

1.4. Cc phng php lu tr v x l d liu trong my NC v CNC: 1.4.1. Cc phng php lu tr d liu:
Bng c l: Bng t: a t:

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1.4.2. Cc phng php x l d liu:

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+ X l s bn ngoi (to lp chng trnh NC), vt mang tin lu tr v truyn ti chng trnh NC. + X l s bn trong (gia cng theo chng trnh NC) din ra nh b phn bin dch nhng cu lnh NC t vt mang tin thnh cc cu lnh ca my iu khin cc chuyn ng gi ti my gia cng.
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cng Cng ngh CNC

Bn v chi tit c kh

Lp trnh gia cng NC

Vt man g tin

H iu khin NC, CNC

My cng c NC, CNC

X l s bn ngoi

X l s bn trong

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1.5. H thng truyn dn trong my CNC:

servo

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cng Cng ngh CNC

* c im ca cc ng c truyn dn: Truyn ng chnh: dng ng c dng mt chiu hoc dng xoay chiu (iu chnh v cp tc bng dng kch t hay bng b bin i tn s). C c im l thay i s vng quay n gin, m men truyn ti cao, khi thay i lc tc dng s vng quay vn gi khng i. Truyn ng chy dao: dng ng c dng mt chiu hay dng xoay chiu vi b vit me ai c bi cho tng trc chy dao c lp X, Y, Z. + ng c dng mt chiu c c tnh ng hc tt cho cc qu trnh gia tc v qu trnh phanh hm, m men qun tnh nh, chnh xc iu chnh cao. + B vit me ai c bi (recirculating ball bcrews) c kh nng bin i truyn dn d dng, t ma st v khng c khe h khi truyn dn vi tc cao. thy r u nhc im ca h thng vit me ai c bi so vi cc h thng truyn ng khc ta xem bng 1.1.
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A. Vit me bi B. Gi ta di

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Hnh 1.4. Truyn ng vitme ai c bi

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Vit me ai c bi Gi thnh r Cng.sut nh Chi ph bo tr thp chnh xc cao tin cy cao Hiu qu cao Kh nng truyn ti ln Kt cu gn X X X X X X X X X Vit me thng X

cng Cng ngh CNC

Thu Xch, Bnh rng & Cam Kh lc thanh rng ai nn X X X X X X

Bng 1.1. u im ca truyn ng Vit me ai c bi

X X

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1.5.1. ng c bc (stepping motor):

ng c iu khin

Mch xung iu khin Hng nhp d liu vo

B iu khin Dng c ct Phi

ng c bc

Vit me dn

Chuyn ng quay

Chuyn ng thng

Hnh 1.5. Dng ng c bc truyn ng trong my CNC

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a) iu khin y bc: Bng vic iu khin cng dng in cung cp ln lt cho tng cun dy trn stato ca ng c bc ta s c c cc v tr chnh xc tng ng ca rto (nam chm). Tc quay ca ng c bc ph thuc vo tn s xung in cung cp cho cc cun dy. ng c bc c dng nhiu nht trong cng nghip hin nay l Hybrid stepping motor. ng c bc Hybrid stepping motor c rto t tr thay i vi nam chm vnh cu gn trong cc rnh t ca n (t Hybrid mun ch n s kt hp ca hai ngun t trng: t trng t cc cun dy stato v t trng ca nam chm vnh cu). Hybrid stepping motor thng c dng khi yu cu cc bc quay gc nh. ng c bc vi bc gc 1.80 l ng c tiu chun c dng nhiu nht trong cng nghip t ng ha 3600.
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b) iu khin khng y bc (vi bc):

cng Cng ngh CNC

Bng vic iu khin vic cung cp cng dng in ng thi cho cc cun dy stato ta c th nh v tr ca rto cc v tr trung gian gia cc cun dy tng ng, phng php iu khin ng c bc theo cch ny c gi l iu khin vi bc. iu khin vi bc thng c s dng khi yu cu phn gii cao hn, do vy chnh xc cao hn. Tuy nhin vic iu khin phc tp hn. Cc vi bc thng c s dng l 1/10; 1/16; 1/32; 1/125. * Ghi ch: y ch nu ln nhng khi nim chung nht v ng c bc, vic nghin cu k cu to, cch iu khin cc ng c ny ni chung kh phc tp v s c hc trong cc mn hc khc.

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Mt s u im ca ng c bc l: Gi thnh r (low cost). C th iu khin mch h (can work in an open loop, no feedback required). Duy tr m men rt tt (khng cn phanh, bin tc). M men xon cao tc thp. Chi ph bo dng thp (khng c chi qut) (low maintenance, brushless). nh v chnh xc. Khng phi iu chnh cc thng s iu khin. Mt s nhc im: ng c lm vic khng u, c bit l tc thp (iu khin y bc). Tiu th dng in khng ph thuc vo ti. Kch c hn ch. Lm vic n. M men gim theo tc . Khng c phn hi nn c th xy ra cc sai s
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1.5.2. ng c servo: S khc nhau c bn nht ca ng c servo so vi ng c bc l ng c servo c mch iu khin kn (close loop control). Nh vy trong ng c servo cn phi c h thng phn hi nhn bit cc thng s v v tr, tc mong mun. C nhiu phng php iu khin vng kn, trong phng php PID l c s dng rng ri nht. u im c bn ca ng c servo so vi ng c bc l: Mmen trn trc u hn (high intermittent torque). Tc cao hn (high speeds). Mch iu khin tc chnh xc v u hn (work well for velocity control). C nhiu kch c hn (available in all sizes). chnh xc cao hn. Nhc im c bn ca ng c servo so vi ng c bc l: Chi ph ln hn. Khng lm vic ch mch iu khin h, yu cu phi c h thng phn hi. Yu cu phi iu chnh cc thng s vng iu khin. Bo dng tn km hn, c bit l ng c DC servo.
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1.6.H thng o ng dch chuyn - Trong cch o trc tip (direct position measuring)

- Trong cch o gin tip (indirect position measuring)

- Trong cch o v tr tuyt i (Absolute position mesuring)

- i vi cch o v tr tng i (incremental position mesuring)

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1.6.1.Trong measuring)

cch

trc

tip

(direct

position

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1.6.2.Trong cch o gin tip (indirect position measuring)

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1.6.3.Trong cch o v tr tuyt i (Absolute position mesuring):

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1.6.4.i vi cch o v tr tng i (incremental position mesuring) Ngi ta dng mt thc o c mt li gm cc vng sng ti v tnh ton v tr hin ti ca c cu mang da trn s khc nhau gia v tr c cu mang trc .

Hnh 1.12. o v tr tng i 1. Thc chia vch; 2. V tr bn my trc ; 3. V tr bn my hin thi; 4. Bn my ti im tham chiu.
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Chng 2. H iu khin CNC

2.1. Cu trc ca b iu khin CNC 2.2. Nguyn l hot ng ca b iu khin 2.3. Cc phng php ni suy trong my cng c CNC 2.4. Cc dng iu khin trn my cng c CNC

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2.1. Cu trc ca b iu khin CNC:

1. B iu khin CNC; 2. X l cng ngh; 3. X l hnh hc; 4. iu khin iu chnh; 5. iu khin trc; 6. Gi tr v tr thc.

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cng Cng ngh CNC

2.2. Nguyn l hot ng ca h iu khin: 2.2.1. H iu khin NC: Nguyn tc lm vic ca h iu khin NC Sau khi m my cc lnh th nht v th hai c c. Ch sau khi qu trnh c kt thc my mi thc hin lnh th nht. Trong thi gian ny thng tin ca lnh th hai nm trong b nh ca h thng iu khin. Sau khi hon thnh vic thc hin lnh th nht my bt u thc hin lnh th hai ly t b nh ra. Trong khi thc hin lnh th hai, h iu khin c lnh th ba v a vo ch ca b nh m lnh th hai va c gii phng ra.
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cng Cng ngh CNC

2.2. Nguyn l hot ng ca h iu khin: 2.2.1. H iu khin NC:

Nhc im chnh ca h iu khin NC

- Khi gia cng chi tit tip theo trong lot h iu khin li phi c tt c cc lnh t u v nh vy khng trnh khi nhng sai st ca b tnh ton trong h iu khin. Do chi tit gia cng c th b ph phm. - Do cn rt nhiu lnh cha trong bng c l hoc bng t nn kh nng m chng trnh b dng li (khng chy) thng xuyn c th xy ra. - H thng mang du liu d b bn v mn gy li cho chng trnh.
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cng Cng ngh CNC

2.2.2. H iu khin CNC: -c im chnh ca h iu khin CNC l s tham gia ca my vi tnh. Cc nh ch to my CNC ci t vo my tnh mt chng trnh iu khin cho tng loi my. - H iu khin CNC cho php thay i v hiu chnh cc chng trnh gia cng chi tit v c chng trnh h thng. -Trong h iu khin CNC cc chng trnh gia cng c th c ghi nh li. -Chng trnh c th c np vo b nh ton b mt lc hoc tng lnh bng tay t bng iu khin. - Cc lnh iu khin c vit khng ch cho tng chuyn ng ring l m cn cho nhiu chuyn ng cng mt lc. iu ny cho php gim s cu lnh ca chng trnh v nh vy c th nng cao tin cy lm vic ca my. - H iu khin CNC c kch thc nh v gi thnh thp hn so vi hk NC nhng li c nhng c tnh mi .
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cng Cng ngh CNC

2.3. Cc phng php ni suy trong cc my cng c NC, CNC: 2.3.1. B ni suy: B ni suy thc cht l mt my pht hm s a ra cc lnh thch hp vi cc d liu ban u iu khin chy dao trn cc to ring l, trm ln qu o cho trc nh mong mun. 2.3.2. Cc php ni suy c bn - Ni suy ng thng - Ni suy cung trn - Ni suy parabol.

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2.3.2.1. Ni suy ng thng (tuyn tnh) L cch cng cc im trung gian gia tng lin tc, bng nhau vo gi tr to u tin (S: start) ti khi t to im cui cng (E: end).

Hnh 2.6. Ni suy ng thng

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2.3.2.2. Ni suy cung trn: Dao c di chuyn t im u ti im cui hnh trnh theo mt cung trn bi mt cu lnh (block) n gin, thay th cho rt nhiu cu lnh ni suy ng thng. L php vi phn thc hin cc b tch phn theo quan h hm s tch phn y = X(t)dt.

Hnh 2.7. Ni suy cung trn

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Ni suy ng thng

Ni suy cung trn

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Thc hin:

cng Cng ngh CNC

Ni suy ng trn theo 2 trc. Cc thng s yu cu: To im u, to im cui, tm hoc bn knh

cung trn Tc di chuyn trn mi trc. Kh nng: Ni suy cung trn hay ton b ng trn. 2.3.2.3. Ni suy Parabol: Mt ng cong trong khng gian c to bi 3 im im P2 l trung im gia ca P4 v P5; P5 li l trung im gia P1 v P3. P1 c bit t khi d liu trc; P2 v P3 c a vo cng vi hai khi d liu tip theo. Vic chuyn gia hai parabol lin tc s phi hp tt nu bit r c tip tuyn ti P3 ca chng.
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Hnh 2.9. S ni suy Parabol

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2.4. Cc dng iu khin trn my cng c CNC

-iu khin im im. + iu khin -iu khin ng. 2D - iu khin theo ng vin (contour): + iu khin 2,5D + iu khin 3D + iu khin 4D + iu khin 5D
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cng Cng ngh CNC

a. iu khin im im: y l dng iu khin n gin nht. Trong kiu iu khin ny dao c chy vi tc nhanh ti im ch. Qu trnh gia cng ch c tin hnh ti cc im dng (hnh 2.10). Kiu iu khin ny cho php ta gia cng ti cc im ri rc trn mt phi cho trc. iu khin im im c ng dng khoan, hn im, t l...

Hnh 2.10. iu khin im im

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b. iu khin ng: dng iu khin ny dao ch c th di chuyn song song vi cc trc iu khin. Chiu dy lp ct c th lp trnh c (hnh 2.11). Kiu iu khin ny ch cho php chy dao song song vi tng trc ti tng thi im do ch c th gia cng c cc ng song song vi cc trc to . c ng dng trong cc my phay, my bo, my tin n gin.

Hnh 2.11. iu khin ng

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cng Cng ngh CNC

c. iu khin theo ng vin: Kiu iu khin ny cho php phi hp iu khin ng thi nhiu trc cng mt lc nn c th gia cng mt ng thng hoc mt ng cong bt k trong khng gian. V d tin mt chi tit c mt cn, cong (hnh 2.12). c th phi hp nhiu trc ng thi th b ni suy phi tnh ton tt c cc im trung gian gia im u v im cui ca ng cn gia cng. Tu theo s trc c th phi hp ng thi ti mt thi im m iu khin Hnh 2.12. iu khin theo theo ng vin c th ng vin chia ra lm cc loi sau:
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cng Cng ngh CNC

* iu khin 2D Trong iu khin 2D b iu khin cho php phi hp 2 trc iu khin ng thi. Do ta c th gia cng ng thng hoc ng cong bt k trong mt mt phng (hnh 2.13). Nu b iu khin 2D c lp trn my phay 3 trc th n c th gia cng mt ng cong bt k trong mt phng song song vi mt phng XY, chy dao theo phng Z phi c thc hin bng tay sau khi dng 2 trc kia.

Hnh 2.13. iu khin 2D

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* iu khin 2,5D: Kiu iu khin ny cho php iu khin c c 3 trc, tuy nhin ch c th phi hp ng thi 2 trc iu khin ti cng mt thi im nn ch c kh nng gia cng ng cong trong mt phng XY, YZ hoc XZ. Trc th 3 (trc chy dao) cng ch c th iu khin c sau khi dng 2 trc kia.

Hnh 2.14. iu khin 2 ,5 D

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* iu khin 3D: Kiu iu khin ny cho php phi hp 3 trc iu khin ng thi do c th gia cng c chi tit c ng cong, mt cong bt k trong khng gian gia cng. Vi b iu khin 3D ta c th gia cng c cc chi tit phc tp vi s ln g t t nht.

Hnh 2.17. iu khin 3D

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* iu khin 4D: Ngoi 3 trc iu khin X, Y, Z cn thm trc iu khin gc quay ca bn my.

Hnh 2.18. H thng to bin dng 4D

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* iu khin 5 D:

Ngoi 3 trc iu khin X,Y,Z cn thm cc bn quay cng c iu khin s. Nh iu khin 5D m ngi ta c th gia cng c cc chi tit phc tp nh cc khun rn, dp, cc khun c p lc hoc cc cnh tuabin.

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Chng 3: My cng c cnc

3.1. Cc phng php phn loi my cng c NC: Ngi ta phn loi my cng c NC da theo cc yu t sau: * Theo dng iu khin gm c: My NC iu khin im im. My NC iu khin ng. My NC iu khin theo bin dng. * Theo b iu khin: My NC c b iu khin NC. My NC c b iu khin CNC. * Theo mch iu khin: My NC c mch iu khin kn. My NC c mch iu khin h. * Theo s trc c iu khin: My NC c 2 trc iu khin. My NC c 3 trc iu khin. My NC c 5 trc iu khin.
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* Theo h ng lc c: My NC c h c kh. My NC c h thng in. My NC c h thng thu lc. * Theo h thng nh v c: nh v theo h to tuyt i. nh v theo gia s. * Phn loi theo chc nng: Nhm my tin i din cho cc my tin trong, ngoi... Nhm my khoan doa. Nhm my phay. Khi c trang b nhng b phn thay dao iu khin s, mi my trong cc nhm trn c th hon thnh cc cng vic gia cng a dng trn cng mt phi m khng cn phi chuyn n sang my khc. * Phn loi theo phng php thay dao: thay dao bng tay, thay dao t ng bng u rvonve
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3.2. Cc loi my cng c CNC c bn: C nhiu loi my CNC nh: my tin CNC, my phay CNC,My Doa CNCNhng trong khun kh ca bi ging ch gii thiu hai loi my c bn l my Tin CNC v my phay CNC: 3.2.1. My tin CNC: iu khin chuyn ng trn cc my tin hoc cc trung tm gia cng tin CNC thc hin trc to X v trc Z. Ngoi cc chc nng gia cng thng thng th cc my tin CNC cn cho php tin cc chi tit c ng sinh phc tp, tin cn, tin ren. Chc nng b cng nh hiu chnh dng c theo chiu di, b mn dng c theo c 2 trc c thc hin nh cc b iu khin NC, CNC. Cc my tin c nhiu dng kt cu khc nhau: Cc my tin CNC c th c cp phi v tho phi bng tay ngi th hoc t ng bi rbt. Cc my c trang b nhng b phn cp phi t ng c th lm mt s cc chi tit m khng cn c s phc v ca ngi vn hnh. Kiu my ny c gi l mun gia cng linh hot (Flexible Manufacturing Module).
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Hnh 3.1. My tin ngang 3x2 trc to

Hnh 3.2. My tin CNC hai u dao (CNC Dual turret turning center).

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3.2.2. My phay CNC Cu trc ca my phay CNC c thit k trn c s h to cc theo nguyn tc bn tay phi vi ba trc to vung gc vi nhau nh trong my khoan. My phay c th c nhiu trc my (trc chuyn ng), s trc t nht ca my phay l 2,5 D My phay CNC c trang b h thng lu tr dng c, thit b thay dng c, c cu kp tho phi v thay phi t ng. Hnh 3.3. My phay trc chnh thng ng c u quay v bn xoay, 5 trc to
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Hnh 3.4. My phay CNC ng (Vertical milling CNC machine)

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My phay CNC c trang b h thng iu khin mnh tnh ton qu o chuyn ng ca dng c, ni suy ng thng, ni suy cung trn v ni suy cc ng cong phc tp. gia cng cc ng cong v cc b mt tng i phc tp, my phay CNC cn phi c s trc t nht l ba, cn s dng gia cng nhng chi tit phc tp th my phay cn phi c t 5 trc tr ln. Hnh 3.5. Trung tm gia cng 5 trc to

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3.3. Dng c trn my cng c CNC: 3.3.1. Yu cu ca dng c ct s dng trn my CNC: My CNC dng cc loi dng c gia cng c bit. Nng sut v chnh xc gia cng ph thuc rt nhiu vo dng c ct. Do cc dng c ct phi tho mn cc yu cu sau: C tnh ct gt n nh. C kh nng to phoi v thot phoi tt. Thi gian thay v g t dao ngn nhm tng hiu qu kinh t ca sn xut lot nh. Tiu chun ho v hp l ho dng c Ci tin vic qun l dao v sn xut linh ng. cho qu trnh thay dao c nhanh chng v m bo tnh lp ln, cc loi dao ct ny cng vi c cu mang dao phi c tiu chun ho.

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3.3.2. Dng c ct trn my tin CNC: Cu to dao tin c lp ghp t nhiu phn ring r. Chng hn nh cc loi rng chp hoc cc mnh hp kim cng c lp ln thn dao nh cc b phn bt kp.

Vt kp Rng dao Vng m Tm Thn dao Hnh 3.6. Cu to dao tin

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3.3.2.1. Phn loi dao tin: Dao tin c phn loi theo cc tiu ch sau: * Phn loi theo vt liu li ct: Li ct bng thp gi. Li ct bng vonfram. Li ct bng gm. Li ct bng kim cng. * Phn loi theo hnh dng: Dng thng. Dng khuu. Dng nghing. Dng bn rng. * Phn loi theo v tr ca li ct chnh: Dao tin tri. Dao tin phi. Dao tin gia.
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* Phn loi theo mc ch s dng: Dao khot l. Dao tin gc. Dao tin ngoi. Dao tin trong. Dao tin nh hnh. *H thng dng c tin CNC ni chung bao gm 6 thnh phn c bn sau: - u g dao (turret head). - Khi g lp thn dao (mounting blocks). - Tm g lp thn dao (mounting plates). - Thn dao (tool holders). - g thn dao (sleeves and sockets).

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Hnh 3.7. Cu to ca h thng dng c trn my tin CNC

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3.3.2.2. Cc thng s ct gt: Tin l qu trnh gia cng ct gt bao gm c mt chuyn ng ct quay trn v mt chuyn ng chy dao. Trong hu ht cc trng hp th chuyn ng ct l chuyn ng quay trn ca phi v chuyn ng tnh tin ca bn dao (hnh 3.8).

Hnh 3.8. Cc thng s ct khi tin

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* Tc ct v: Tc ct l lng dch chuyn tng i ca mt im trn li ct i vi vt gia cng trong mt n v thi gian. Thng dng n v m/pht. Cng thc tnh:

v= Trong : n L s vng quay ca trc chnh (vng/pht). D ng knh ti im ang xt. * Lng chy dao S: Lng chy dao l lng dch chuyn tng i ca dao i vi vt gia cng theo phng chy dao sau mt vng quay ca trc chnh. Thng dng l mm/vng. Gi tr ca lng chy dao S ph thuc vo tng dng gia cng c th, n nh hng n lc ct v cht lng ca chi tit gia cng.

Dn (m / ph) 1000

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3.3.3. Dng c ct trn my phay CNC Phay l mt nguyn cng gia cng ct gt bng li ct xc nh, trong chuyn ng chnh l chuyn ng quay trn ca dao phay v chuyn ng chy dao thng c thc hin bi phi (hnh 3.9). Hnh 3.9. S phay

Hnh 3.10. Phay mt uHnh 3.11. Phay mt tr

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Phay thun l dng phay m chiu ca vn tc ct ti v tr tip xc vi phi cng chiu vi chiu chuyn ng ca phi (hnh 3.12). Phay nghch l dng phay m chiu ca vn tc ct ti v tr tip xc vi phi ngc chiu vi chiu chuyn ng ca phi (hnh 3.13).

Chuyn ng ca phi Hnh 3.12. Phay thun

Chuyn ng ca phi Hnh 3.13. Phay nghch

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* Phn loi dao phay: Dao phay c th c phn loi theo cc tiu ch sau: Theo vt liu cn gia cng: Dao kiu N (dng gia cng thp thng). Dao kiu H (dng cho vt liu mm c th di). Dao kiu W (dng cho vt liu cng c th ngn). Theo vt liu li ct: Dao ct c li ct bng thp cao tc (thp gi). Dao ct c li ct bng hp kim cng. Dao ct c li ct bng ceramic. Dao ct c li ct bng kim cng. Theo dng ca c cu kp: Dao phay mt u. Dao phay ngn.

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Theo phng php to hnh: Dao phay hc ch T. Dao phay b mt. Dao phay cnh. Dao phay to hnh. Theo hnh dng rng dao phay: Dao phay dng rng nhn. Dao phay rng bng.

Hnh 3.14. Cc thng s ct khi phay

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Dng c khoan, khot, doa v ta r

Dng c kp dao v u d trn my phay CNC

71

H thng mang dao

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C cu thay dao t ng
1

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Chiu dy lp ct:
Khc vi khi tin, phoi phay c chiu dy khng ng u (hnh 3.15). Ngi ta thng dng chiu dy hm tnh ton.

1 l tit din phoi fz l chiu dy ct ln nht hm chiu dy trung bnh ca phoi

Hnh 3.15. Chiu dy ct

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3.3. g trn my cng c CNC: 3.3.1. c im ca g s dng trn my cng c CNC:

g trn my cng c CNC c nh hng rt ln ti chnh xc gia cng, v sai s chun khi nh v chi tit trn g l mt trong cc thnh phn ca sai s tng cng. g trn my CNC phi m bo chnh xc g t cao hn so vi cc loi g trn my vn nng (v m bo chnh xc g t th ta phi chn chun sao cho sai s chun bng 0, sai s g t c gi tr nh). cng vng ca cc my cng c CNC rt cao, do g s dng trn cc my phi khng c lm gim chnh xc ca h thng cng ngh (HTCN) khi s dng vi cng sut ti a. Khi gia cng trn my cng c CNC, cc dch chuyn ca my v dao c bt u t gc to , do trong nhiu trng hp g phi m bo s nh hng hon ton ca chi tit gia cng. Qu trnh kp cht trn my CNC c s dng h thng kp t ng dng thu lc hoc kh nn v n c kh nng t iu chnh lc kp. 1/31/2013 75

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3.3.2. H thng g kp ca my CNC: Chc nng ca h thng g kp l nh v v kp cht phi vo my. Lc kp c sinh ra bi cc thit b kp khc nhau. gim thiu chi ph cho h thng kp v h thng sn xut, h thng kp phi tho mn cc yu cu sau: n gin v kp nhanh. a nng. D thay th cc thnh phn ca h thng. chnh xc lp cao. * Ngun pht sinh lc kp: Trn my cng c truyn thng thng s dng c cu g t bng tay. Lc kp l do ngi cng nhn tc ng vo my. My cng c CNC c nhiu h thng g kp c bit c dng nhm gim thi gian ph v cng sc ca cng nhn. C nhiu ngun pht sinh lc kp khc nhau nh: H thng kp c kh. H thng kp thu lc. H thng kp kh nn. H thng kp in.
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* H thng kp c kh: Thng c c cu kp dng n by nm hoc n by m. Dng c cu kp ny thng dng cho my tin.

M kp n ko n by nm Hm kp

M kp

n ko

n by m Hm kp

M kp kiu n by nm
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* H thng kp thu lc: Dng h thng piston sinh lc kp. Cc piston ny c iu khin bng tay bi ngi th thng qua cc van. C th iu khin lc kp chnh xc qua mn hnh hin th. tin cy ca h thng kp dng ny rt cao.

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* H thng kp kh nn: Hot ng tng t h thng kp thu lc nhng dng kh nn.

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* H thng kp in: c dng cho cc c cu g t dng bnh rng. H thng dng ny cho php kp nhanh chi tit vi cc kch thc khc nhau. H thng kp ny dng mt b ly hp in t cho php ngt ni vi trc truyn gip cho m men xon c truyn hon ton ti g.
ai c Trc vit me Thanh ni Ly hp H thng bnh rng

ng c

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3.4. H trc to trn my cng c CNC:

3.4.1. H thng cc trc to :

H thng cc trc to vung gc c xc nh theo quy tc bn tay phi (hnh 3.21). Cc chuyn ng chnh ca my NC c thit lp theo cc trc to X, Y v Z. Theo quy tc bn tay phi ngn tay ci l trc X, ngn tay tr l trc Y, ngn tay gia l trc Z. H thng to ny c lin quan mt thit i vi chi tit gia cng trn my CNC.
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Hnh 3.21. H thng cc trc to theo quy tc bn tay phi.

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3.4.2. Quy nh cc to trn my: 3.4.2.1. My tin: Trc Z chy song song vi trc chnh ca my, chiu dng ca trc Z (+Z) chy t u trc chnh n ng. Khi chuyn ng theo hng +Z cc gi tr to tng ln. Trc X vung gc vi trc Z nm theo phng ngang, chiu dng ca trc X chy t tm chi tit (tm quay) n gi dao. Theo quy nh ny th chiu ca trc X khi g dao tin pha trc hoc pha sau tm quay (hnh 3.22).

Hnh 3.22. Cc trc to trn my tin

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2. Cu trc my phay CNC

My phay thng

My phay CNC

2. Cu trc my phay CNC

3. H ta trn my phay CNC

Can thiet e ngi lap trnh len ke hoach chuyen ong cho

dung cu ct so vi chi tiet gia cong. Khi lap trnh chi tiet coi nh ng yen con dung cu ct th di chuyen so vi chi tiet gia cong. Co hai he toa o c ban:
He toa o e-cac He toa o cc

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H ta -cc 2D

V du: P1 P2 P3 P4 X = 80 Y = 40 X = -80 Y = 70 X = -50 Y = -40 X = 40 Y = -70

87

H ta -cc 3D

V du: P1 X = 30 Y = 2 Z = 0 P2 X = 30 Y = 0 Z = -10

88

H ta cc

Y r P P2 P1

a
X P3

89

Qui tc bn tay phi

+Y

+X

+Z

90

H ta my v phi trn my phay CNC

Z Y M X

Z Y W X

H ta my

H ta phi
91

Cc trc trn my phay CNC

+Z
+Y

-Z
-Y

-X
-X +X +Z

+X

-Y

-Z

+Y

92

Cc trc trn my phay CNC

Ngoai chuyen ong doc theo cac truc X,Y va Z con co the ieu khien cac chuyen ong quay quanh moi truc. Cac chuyen ong quay nay co the c ieu khien va c goi la truc A,B hay C

93

2.1 Khai niem c ban

2.1.1 Chng trnh NC

Bao gom chuoi cau lenh di chuyen dao, ch th ong ngat va phu tr can thiet e ieu khien may t ong thc hien cong viec gia cong.

2.1.2. Lap trnh NC

Xac lap tien trnh di chuyen dung cu cung cac ch th lap trnh cu the va lu tr cac thong tin nay tren thiet b mang tin di dang ma lenh phuc vu cho qua trnh oc d lieu t ong bi he ieu khien

2.1.3. nh dang cua mot chng trnh NC nh dang pho bien nhat la nh dang a ch lenh (word address format). nh dang bao gom cac ma lenh (commands) c truyen en he thong servo, rle, cong tac e thc hien cac tac vu gia cong. Cac ma lenh lien ket nhau tao thanh khoi lenh (Block). Bo ieu khien may se thc hien cac thao tac ieu khien theo tng khoi lenh mot. Ket thuc mot khoi lenh se co dau ket thuc khoi (EOB).

- a ch lenh: La ch cai alphabet au lenh, ch th v tr lu tr d lieu so theo sau. Cac ch cai c dung trong ma lenh la:

- Cau Lenh ( Word): La chuoi k t, so, ch th mot ai lng ieu khien nhat nh. V du: N10 : so th t khoi lenh; G01 : noi suy ng thang; X2.0: toa o phng X, F300 toc o chay dao; T07 : so hieu dao; M09 : ngat thiet b chat lam nguoi

- Khoi lenh (Block)

 S hiu cu lnh N (number) km theo cc con s ch s hiu ca cu (con s l cc s t nhin (N*)). Thng tin hnh hc: Cn gi l thng tin dch chuyn, bao gm: G M dch chuyn (cc chc nng dch chuyn). X_Y_Z_: to im n. Thng tin cng ngh: khai bo cc thng s v ch ct nh: F lng chy dao. S tc ct. M chc nng ph

2.1.4. Chng trnh CNC

Co 2 loai chng trnh: - Chng trnh chnh (main program) - Chng trnh con (subprogram): La chng trnh phu c goi t chng trnh chnh, thng dung khi trong chng trnh chnh co nhieu oan lap lai.

2.2. Phng thc lap trnh NC

-Lap trnh trc tiep. -Lap trnh t ong. -Lp trnh theo cong nghe CAD/CAM. 2.2.1. Lap trnh trc tiep: Ngi lap trnh co the t bien soan chng trnh NC tren c s nhan dang hoan toan chnh xac toa o chay dao. Thng s dung cho cac trng hp gia cong n gian. Truyen chng trnh NC c lap vao he ieu khien may bang 2 phng phap:

- Nhap t cac thiet b ngoai: a mem, bang t, cong giao tiep - Nhap t Panel ieu khien theo che o MDI (Manual Data Input)

Phng thc lap trnh trc tiep

2.2.2. Lap trnh t ong

Ngi lap trnh s dung ngon ng ho tr lap trnh hoac phan mem CAD/CAM nh cong cu tr giup e chuyen oi t ong d lieu hnh

hoc va d lieu cong nghe thanh chng trnh NC. Co 3 phng phap:

- Lap trnh bang phan mem NC (NC Editor) -Lap trnh bang ngon ng x l hnh hoc

Phng thc lap trnh t ong

2.2.3. Lap trnh theo cong nghe Cad/Cam La phng phap lap trnh t ong co rat nhieu u viet. Phng phap lap trnh nay cho phep ta tao nen c cac chng trnh gia cong nhng chi tiet rat phc tap mot cach de dang, chnh xac. CAD/CAM bao gom 2 thanh phan:
- CAD - CAM

Quy trnh lap trnh NC theo cong nghe CAD/CAM gom cac bc c ban sau: a.Thiet ke mau gia cong tren phan mem CAD b.Xac lap tien trnh gia cong c. La chon cong nghe gia cong NC (phng thc chay dao) cho tng bc gia cong

d. Xac lap thong so NC cho chc nang gia cong NC tng ng e. Thc thi trnh x l oi vi chc nang gia cong NC e tao ng chay dao (toolpath generation) f. Thc thi trnh hau x l (post processing) bien dch d lieu chay dao thanh chng trnh NC

2.4 Cc im chun v cc im 0.

1. Cc lnh lp trnh trn my CNC. 1.1.M t cc chc nng lnh G trn my tin. Lnh G00. Lnh v tr - dich chuyn nhanh bn xe dao. C php: N... G00 X(U)..... Z(W).... Lnh G01 - Ni suy ng thng. Lnh ny s dng dich chuyn dng c ch ct gt n v tr ch theo ng thng. C php: N... G01 X(U)... Z(W).... F...

M rng lnh c th chn vt mp hoc v trn. V d:

Lnh G02/G03 - Lnh ni suy cung trn cng/ngc

chiu kim ng h. C php: N... G02 X(U)... hoc N... G02 X(U)...

Z(W)... Z(W)...

i... R...

K... F...; F...;

X, Z im cui ca cung trn U, W, I, K l cc tham s theo gi tr tng i

R L bn knh cung trn

Lnh G04 Lnh dng. C php:

N... G04 X(U).... hoc N... G04 P... Ch :

(giy)
(ms)

Khng c s dng gi tr thp phn cho P Thi gian dng c tnh bt u ti thi im

tc dch chuyn bng khng Thi gian dng ln nht tmax=2000 s; nh nht tmin=0,1 s Gi tr nh nht ca thi gian dng l 0,1 giy

 Lnh G10.

Lnh G10 cho php ghi d liu iu khin, cc tham s

chng trnh, d liu dng c... G10 thng c s dng lp trnh im gc phi V d:
Dch im gc

C php:

N... hoc N...

G10 P...
G10 P...

X...
U...

Z...

R...

Q...
Q...

W... C...

y P l lng mn dao, P0 gi tr dch chuyn nhanh v h to

phi; P1-P64 .. X... lng b theo phng X (tuyt i) Z... lng b theo phng Z (tuyt i) U... lng b theo phng X (gia s) W... lng b theo phng Z (gia s) R... bn knh mi dao Q... S hiu mi dao

Vi lnh G10 P0 im gc phi s b ghi .

 G28 - V im tham chiu.

C php

N... G28 X(U)...

Z(W)...

X, Z, U, W l cc gi tr trung gian. Lnh G28 dch

chuyn nhanh dng c v im tham chiu qua im trung gian .

Cc lnh b dng c. Nguyn nhn cn phi b dng c: Mi dao lun c bn knh cong. Khi o dng c chung

ta tin hnh o theo 2 phng X v Z.

Lnh G40 - Xo b bn knh dng c .

Lnh ny c tc dng xo chc nng b bn knh dng c ca lnh G41 v G42 v ch c s dng kt hp vi lnh dch chuyn G00 v G01 trong cng mt khi lnh. Lnh G41 B bn knh dng c - b tri.

Lnh G42 - b bn knh dng c - b phi.

Lnh G70 - n v o theo INCH.

C php N... G70; Ch

Lnh G70 nn c t khi lnh u tin ca ch-

ng trnh chng trnh sng sa H thng o lng s c tc dng cho n khi tt my quay tr v h thng o gc nn s dng ch MDI

 Lnh G71 - n v o theo h mt.

C php N... G71 Lnh G90 - Lp trnh theo h to tuyt i.

C php

N... G90;

Lnh G91 - lp trnh theo h to gia s.

C php

N... G91 Lnh G92 - Gii hn tc trc chnh.

C php

N... G92 - S... (gii hn tc trc chnh)

G92 Thit lp h to C php

N... G92 X... Z... (thit lp h to ) hoc N... G92 U... W... (dch gc to ) Lnh G94 - Lng chy dao theo pht
C th s dng lng chy dao theo mm/pht bng lnh G94

C php N... G94 F... Lnh G95 - lng chy dao theo vng Khi s dng lng chy dao theo vng, ta s dng lnh G95 C php N... G95 F...

Lnh G96 - tc ct khng i n v m/pht B iu khin s lin tc tnh ton s vng quay trc chnh m bo tc ct

C php N... G96 S... Lnh G97 - S vng quay khng i

n v

Vng /pht

C php N... G97 S...

Chu trnh trn my tin

G20 - Chu trnh tin dc

C php N... G20 X(U)... Z(W)... hoc N... G20 X(U)... Z(W)... (cn) X(U), Z(W) l to im K R[mm] l dc theo phng X (gia s)

F...

(tr)

R... F...

Ch : Chu trnh ny l dng m thc v s b loi bi mt lnh G khc cng nhm. Cc khi lnh tip theo ch nhp gi tr to

G24 - Chu trnh kho mt u.

C php

N...G24 X(U)...Z(W)...F...(tr) hoc N...G24 X(U)...Z(W)...R...F...(cn)

G33 - Ct ren.

C php. N...G33 (X(U)....Z(W)...F... F... l bc ren (mm) Lnh G72 - Chu trnh tin tinh. C php N... G72 P... Q... Trong khi lnh trn
P - S hiu khi lnh u tin ca b mt c lp trnh

cn tin tinh Q" kt thc " " Sau cc lnh chu trnh G73, G74, G75 th s dng lnh G72 tin tinh.

Lnh G73 - Chu trnh gia cng theo cng tua.

C php N... G73 U1... R... N... G73 P... Q... U2+/-... W+/-... S... T... Lnh G74 - Tin theo mt u C php N... G74 W1... R... N... G74 P... Q... U+/-... W+/-... T...

F...

F...

S...

Lnh G75 - Chu trnh lp bin dng C php

N... G75 U1+/-... W1+/-... R... N... G75 P... Q... U2... W2... F... S... T... Khi lnh u tin
U1 - im bt u ca chu trnh theo trc X
W1 - im bt u ca chu trnh theo phng Z (gia s, c

du) R - s ln lp (bng s lt ct) Khi lnh th hai P... - khi lnh u tin ca bin dng c lp trnh Q...- kh lnh cui cng ca bin dng c lp trnh U2 [mm] - khong cch v hng cho lt ct tinh theo phng X

 Lnh G76 - Khoan l su hoc ct rnh trn mt u

C php
N... G76 R1...

N... G76 X(U)... R2... F...

Z(W)...

P...

Q...

Khi lnh u
R1 [mm] - lng rt dao b phoi (gia s, khng du)

Khi lnh th hai X(U), Z(W) to im cui ca cng tua (tuyt i hoc gia s) (im K) hoc Z(W) - chiu su (gia s hoc tuyt i) ca l khoan P [] - lng m rng theo phng X (khng du) P<b rng dng c Q [] - chiu su ct theo phng Z (khng du) R2 - lng dch su ti im cui Z F - lng chydao

 Ch

Khi khoan su bng lnh G76 c th

b X(U) v P lt ct u tin khng cn dch su ti im cui Z Lng dch su lun c du dng

Lnh G77 - chu trnh ct rnh

C php

N... G77 R1... N... G77 X(U)...Z(W)...P...

Q... R2... F...

Lnh G78 - Tin ren.

C php

N...G78 N...G78

P1... Q1... R1... X(U)...Z(W)... R2... P2... Q2... F...

Khi lnh u P1 km theo 6 con s ch tham s v c chia ra lm cc cp s sau: Hai s u tin Pxxxxxxch s lt ct tinh Hai s gia Pxxxxxxch lng ren cn, gi tr ny c tnh theo cng thc

Hai con s cui cng ch gc ren theo

PF [mm].10 Pxxxxxx F

CAD CAM CNC

137

Minh ha qui trnh gia cng trn phn mm CAD/CAM

1.Chi tit cn gia cng

2.Phi gia cng

3.To ng chy dao

4.M phng gia cng

138