Particle size Particle Shape Melting point

Course Instructor Dr.A.Subramania

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Seminar by S.Senthilkumaran

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold

If you cut a block of gold into smaller & smaller pieces, it would still look like gold Not true of gold at the nanoscale, where properties change!

http://www.ansci.wisc.edu/facstaff/Faculty/pages/albrec ht/albrecht_web/Programs/microscopy/colloid.html

http://www.outreach.psu.edu/programs/highschoolreform/files/Krajcik.ppt

Bulk gold appears yellow in color Nanosized gold appears red in color

The particles are so small that electrons are not free to move about as in bulk gold (the energy gap between conduction and valence bands increases with decreasing size) Because this movement is restricted, the particles react differently with light

Bulk gold looks yellow

12 nanometer gold particles look red

http://www.foresight.org/Conferences/MNT7/Abstracts/Levi/

http://nanosense.org/activities/sizematters/index.html

Large ZnO particles

Block UV light Scatter visible light Appear white

Nanoscale ZnO sunscreen is clear

Nanosized ZnO particles

Block UV light So small compared to the wavelength of visible light that they dont scatter it Appear clear
Zinc oxide nanoparticles

http://www.abc.ne t.au/science/news/ stories/s1165709.h tm

Scattering of visible light (whitening effect) is influenced by particle size and the difference between the refractive index of the pigment and the surrounding media. Maximum scattering occurs when size equals 1/2 the wavelength and particles are uniformly dispersed (Mie theory).

Wavelength

Particle size

Surface coating

How?

UV Visible

Size reduction

Whitening

Transparent

195

60

35

15

10 nm

195

60

35

15

10 nm

195

60

35

15

10 nm

195

60

35

15

10 nm

10nm TiO2 (110 nm dispersion particle size) makes transparent dispersions for all skin types.

Nanomaterials with various morphology

Density of states of nanoparticles with different morphology

A. P. Alivisatos et al., Journal of Physical Chemistry,100 (1996) 13226

9

http://nanosense.org/activities/sizematters/properties/SM_PropSlides.ppt

Melting Point (Microscopic Definition)

Temperature at which the atoms, ions, or molecules in a substance have enough energy to overcome the intermolecular forces that hold them in a fixed position in a solid

Surface atoms require less energy to move because they are in contact with fewer atoms of the substance
In contact with 3 atoms

In contact with 7 atoms

The smaller a solid object gets, the larger the percentage of its atoms residing at the surface. Inside a crystalline solid the atoms are constrained by the crystal lattice, but at the surface the atoms have more freedom to move. As the temperature increases, they begin to vibrate; when the vibration of the surface atoms reaches a certain percentage of the bond length between them, melting begins and then starts to propagate through the solid

http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/MSD-hot-nanocrystals.html

Surface/volume ratio - melting temperature

example: gold nanoparticles

experimental melting temperatures for small gold particles: experiments and theory (solid line)
http://www.chem.uu.nl/edu/inleidingnanotechnologie/2_fysische%2 0en%20chemische%20eigenschappen.ppt

J.P. Borel, Surf. Sci. 106 (1981) 1-9

Four important ways in which nanoscale materials may differ from macroscale materials
Gravitational forces become negligible and

electromagnetic forces dominate Quantum mechanics is the model used to describe motion and energy instead of the classical mechanics model Greater surface to volume ratios Random molecular motion becomes more important

Because the mass of nanoscale objects is so small, gravity becomes negligible

Gravitational force is a function of mass and distance and is weak between (lowmass) nanosized particles Electromagnetic force is a function of charge and distance, is not affected by mass, so it can be very strong even when we have nanosized particles The electromagnetic force between two protons is 1036 times stronger than the gravitational force!

As surface to volume ratio increases

A greater amount of a

substance comes in contact with surrounding material This results in better catalysts, since a greater proportion of the material is exposed for potential reaction

Tiny particles (like dust) move about randomly

At the macroscale, we barely see

movement, or why it moves At the nanoscale, the particle is moving wildly, hit by smaller particles

?-THANK YOU