Plasma-55%

Formed elements-45%

Circulatory system
Closed circulatory system Open circulatory system

Open Circulatory System

Not everyone has a 4-chambered heart

Evolution of circulatory system

fish 2 chamber

amphibian 3 chamber

reptiles 3 chamber

birds & mammals 4 chamber

V A

A V

A V

A V

Human circulatory system closed and complete doubled circulatory system

Blood vessels
Artery Vein

Artery

vein

Artery
endothelium

Vein

Valve

Smooth muscles

Connective tissue

Artery/Vein differences
Direction of flow
Pressure Walls Lumen Arteries Carry oxygenate blood Away from Heart Higher Veins Carry deoxygenated blood to Heart Lower

THICKER muscular THINNER musculat wall wall Smaller Larger

Valves

No valves

Valves (see next)

 4-Chambered heart
atria (atrium)
thin wall collection chamber receive blood

Vertebrate Heart

left atrium

ventricles
thick wall pump pump blood out
right atrium

right ventricle

left ventricle

Electrical signals

allows atria to empty completely before ventricles contract

stimulates ventricles to contract from bottom to top, driving blood into arteries

heart pumping controlled by electrical impulses

One-Way Valves in Veins

Sphygnomamometer

Measuring Blood Pressure

Capillaries

capillary vessel

arteriole

venule

capillaries

Ventricle

Atrium

Countercurrent exchange system

Fig. 42-21b

Gills

(b) Crayfish

A BLOOD CLOT

THE HEMOSTASIS PROCESSES

arteriole

blood capillaries
lymphatic capillaries venule lymphatic vessel

Lymph
Water plus solutes from two sources
Plasma: ions, nutrients, gases, some proteins Cells: hormones, enzymes, waste products

Returns to circulatory system via veins; essential for fluid balance.

Formation of Lymph

interstitial fluid blood capillary

lymphatic capillary tissue cell

Components of the Lymphatic System

A. Lymph fluid collected in lymph vessels Clear straw colored fluid same basic component as plasma

Function
1. Collects fluid lost from the blood and returns it to the circulatory system
More than three liters of fluid leave the capillaries each day This continually bathes the cells There is twice as much lymph in the body as blood Lymph is dumped back into the circulatory system thru the superior vena cava

Functions contd
2. Filters fluid to rid it of bacteria and other pathogens

More Functions
3. Collects fat from the small intestine and delivers it to the circulatory system 4. Generates and stores WBCs called lymphocytes that fight infection

How is fluid moved? Contraction of skeletal muscles against lymphatic vessels Smooth muscle contraction Valves in lymphatic vessels Breathing Obstruction of system leads to edema

Edema
Swelling of tissues due to excess fluid accumulation Caused by disease or injury

Lymph Transport
lacks pump for circulation relies on activity of skeletal muscles and pulsation of nearby arteries for movement of fluid 3L of lymph enters blood stream every 24 hrs proteins easily enter lymphatic system uptake of large particles such as cell debris, pathogens, and cancer cells lymph nodes where it is cleansed of debris and examined by cells of the immune system (WBC)

The Body Has Three Lines of Defense

Physical and Chemical Barriers Nonspecific Defenses Specific Defense Mechanisms

Physical and Chemical Barriers

Table 9.1

First Line of Defense: Skin

Physical and chemical barriers
Skin: characteristics of barrier
Structure: dead layer, inhospitable to microorganisms Constant replacement: many adhering microorganisms removed pH = 5-6: too acidic for many microorganisms

Other: tears, saliva, earwax, digestive acids, mucus, vomiting, urination, defecation, resident bacteria (normal flora)

Nonspecific Defenses :

nd 2

Line

Neutrophils and Macrophages engulf and digest foreign cells. Eosinophils bombard large parasites with digestive proteins and phagotyze foreign proteins. These are all white blood cells. Why are they nonspecific?

Neutrophils

Macrophage attacking e-coli.

Figure 8-12