Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Any device that intentionally transmits or receives signals in the radio frequency Examples:
AM & FM Radios TV Cell phones ( Handsets) Pagers, satellite, radar Cellular base stations
Introduction
2. Motivation of SDR
Commercial wireless communication industry is currently facing problems due to constant evolution of link-layer protocol standards (2.5G, 3G, and 4G) existence of incompatible wireless network technologies in different countries inhibiting deployment of global roaming facilities problems in rolling-out new services/features due to wide-spread presence of legacy subscriber handsets.
The air interface and link-layer protocols differ across various geographies
Hardware replaced by software.Hence cost effective.
The Solution?
Flexible radio systems that allow communication standards to migrate Flexible methods for reconfiguring a radio in software Flexible, intelligent systems that communicate via different protocols at different times
Software-Defined Radio
Software-Defined Radio
Radios that provide software control of a variety of modulation techniques, wide-band or narrow-band operation, communications security functions such as hopping, and waveform requirements of current and evolving standards over a broad frequency range.
A radio that includes a microprocessor or digital signal processor (DSP) does not necessarily qualify as a software radio.
A radio that defines in software its modulation, error correction, and encryption processes, exhibits some control over the RF hardware, and can be reprogrammed is clearly a software radio.
SDR Architecture
Architectures of SDR
1. SDR Architecture Based on Current-Generation Technology
Notes to Figure 1: DUC: Digital upconverter CFR: Crest factor reduction PA: Power amplifier
DDC: Digital downconverter DPD: Digital predistortion LNA: Low noise amplifier
RF
IF
Baseband
Bandpass Filter
ADC/DAC DSP
2.
1) The system uses a generic hardware platform with programmable modules (DSPs, FPGAs, microprocessors) and analog RF modules. The operating environment performs hardware resource management activities like allocation of hardware resources to different applications, memory management, interrupt servicing and providing a consistent interface to hardware modules for use by applications. 2) In SDR system, the software modules that implement link-layer protocols and modulation/demodulation operations are called radio applications and these applications provide link-layer services to higher layer communication protocols such as WAP and TCP/IP.
ADC
DDC
Baseband Processing
Tx
DAC
DUC
RF
IF
Baseband
Receiver
Transmitter
RF section
IF section
Baseband section
RF section
IF section
Baseband section
Programmable
DOWNLOAD MECHANISMS
Static download Pseudo static download Dynamic software download
IMPLEMENTATION
Operations can be implemented in ASIC, FPGA, and DSP [1].
Hardware Vs Software
ASICs application specific
IC
Waveforms
Management and selection of multiple waveforms Cancellation carriers and pulse shaping are relatively new techniques (research papers 5 years)
Terrain databases
Interference prediction, environment awareness 5 years away
Cognitive science
A key aspect will be to understand how multiple CRs work with each other
Design tools
Tools facilitate rapid design iterations Systems tools to help evaluate trade-offs
SDR issues
Wideband radio circuits (Rx): high requirements High requirements on A/D converter (16 bits, 300 Ms/s) Wideband PA (Tx): linearity, bandwidth, efficiency Higher initial costs
Interoperability Facilitates implementation of open architecture radio systems. Can use third party applications on their handsets.
SDR-RELATED TECHNOLOGIES
ADAPTIVE RADIO COGNITIVE RADIO INTELLIGENT RADIO
Advantages of SDR
Ease of design Ease of manufacture
Reduces design-cycle time, quicker iterations
Multimode operation
Digital hardware reduces costs associated with manufacturing and testing radios
SR can change modes by loading appropriate software into memory Allows implementation of new receiver structures and signal processing techniques Digital processors can implement functions such as synchronization, demodulation, error correction, decryption, etc. Can be modified in the field to correct problems and to upgrade
Benefits of SDR
Flexible/reconfigurable
Reprogrammable units and infrastructure
Reduced obsolescence
Multiband/multimode
Ubiquitous connectivity
Different standards can co-exist
SDR IN FUTURE
Major contribution of sdr technology in future is the spectrum refarming. Sdr will be key to development of 5G,6G Software-defined radio is set to pave the way for the next generation of military communications equipment.
PROBLEMS
High power consumptions Higher processing power requirement Higher initial costs Not suitable for all kinds of radio equipment. eg:pagers
CONCLUSION
The technology can be used to implement wireless network infrastructure equipment
wireless handsets,wireless modems etc
REFERENCES
1. 2. 3.
4.
Software-Defined Radio: Facets of a Developing Technology, IEEE Personal Communications, Walter H. W. Tuttlebee Software-Defined Radio, White Paper,Wipro Technologies. W. Tuttlebee, Software Defined Radio Enabling Technologies, John Wiley & Sons, 2002
K. Pietikinen, Software defined radio, Communications Laboratory, 2005, [online], Available: www.comlab.hut.fi/opetus/333/2004_2005_slides/Software_Defined_Radio.pdf
5.