Spektrum Tersebar

Pertemuan 1

Code Division Multiplexing

Also known as code division multiple access An advanced technique that allows multiple devices

to transmit on the same frequencies at the same time

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

CDMA is a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum system

CDMA Features:

o All users use same frequency and may transmit simultaneously o Narrowband message signal multiplied by wideband spreading signal, or codeword o Each user has its own pseudo-codeword (orthogonal to others). o Receivers detect only the desired codeword. All others appear as noise. o Receivers must know transmitters codeword.
3/16 Prepared By Ibrahim AL-OBIDA

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

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Prepared By Ibrahim AL-OBIDA

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Pseudo-Noise Spreading Prepared By Ibrahim AL-OBIDA

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Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

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Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum System Prepared By Ibrahim AL-OBIDA

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Advantages:
o Increased capacity o Improved voice quality o Eliminating the audible effects of multipath fading o Enhanced privacy and security o Reduced average transmitted power

o Reduced interference to other electronic devices

Disadvantages:
o Wide bandwidth per user required o Precision code synchronization needed
8/16 Prepared By Ibrahim AL-OBIDA

Code Division Multiplexing (CDM)

CDM used in parts of the cellular telephone system and for

some satellite communication

The specific version of CDM used in cell phones is known as

Code Division Multi-Access (CDMA)

CDM does not rely on physical properties
such as frequency or time

CDM relies on an interesting mathematical idea

values from orthogonal vector spaces can be combined and

separated without interference

Each sender is assigned a unique binary code Ci
that is known as a chip sequence chip sequences are selected to be orthogonal vectors (i.e., the dot product of any two chip sequences is zero)
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Code Multiplex I
Each channel has a unique code. All channels use the same

spectrum at the same time.

k1

k2

k3

k4

k5

k6

Advantages: bandwidth efficient and good power control no need for coordination and synchronization good protection against interference and tapping Disadvantages: lower user data rates more complex signal regeneration

coding

t
Implemented using spread spectrum technology Z. Ghassemlooy

 Sebuah teknik transmisi dimana kode pseudo

noise, independent dari data informasi, yang digunakan sebagai gelombang modulasi untuk menyebarkan energi sinyal melalui sebuah bandwith jauh lebih besar dari pada bandwith sinyal informasi. Pada penerima, sinyal dikumpulkan menggunakan replika kode psudonoise yang telah disinkronisasikan.

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Positive: Kerapatan daya yang rendah, seperti noise, tidak interferensi dengan sistem konvensional dan sistem SS yang lain. Komunikasi yang aman Multiple Akses : CDMA yang akan menjadi fokus /topik kiuta selanjutnya. Proteksi dari jamming Tahan terhadap narrowband interference Low Probability of detection and interception (LPI) Mengurangi efek multipath fading, karena sinayl disebar dalam spektrum yang lebar Kecepatan data tinggi Negative: Bandwidth yang besar Sistem yang komplek Memerlukan pengontrolan daya
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Spread Spectrum Principle(contd)

Classifications of Spread Spectrum: Direct Sequence (DS) DS-CDMA Frequency Hopping (FH) FH-CDMA Hybrid Spread Spectrum Time Hopping Chirp In Mobile Cellular Systems, the most popular are

DS-CDMA

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Kenapa spektrum bisa menjadi tersebar..???

Untuk kasus Direct Sequence

Remember Fourier Series and Fourier Transform.!!

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Gambar 1 Mengubah dari spektrum Fourier Transform sehubungan dengan lebar pulsa: (a) pulsa lebar (b) Transformasi Fourier pulsa di (a); (c) pulsa sempit (d) Transformasi Fourirer pulsa di (c) 15

 mempertimbangkan Gambar 1 (a) yang berisi pulsa.

Transformasi Fourier spektrum pulsa ini ditunjukkan pada 1 (b) Sekarang anggaplah kita mengurangi lebar pulsa seperti dalam gambar 1 (c); maka spektrum Transformasi Fourier yang sesuai akan melebar, seperti yang ditunjukkan pada 1 (d). Jika lebar pulsa berkurang, Transformasi Fourier spektrum tersebar. Apa pentingnya ini menyebar?
sinyal sekarang mengandung lebih banyak komponen-

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komponen frekuensi. Setidaknya ada dua keuntungan dari penyebaran spectrun ini: Ketika bandwith dari spektrum yang melebar, dimana relatif lebih sulit bagi penyusup untuk memahami sinyal, di mana harus memiliki penerima yang dapat mendeteksi

PRINSIP DASAR DARI DIRECT SEQUENCE SPREAD SPECTRUM (DSSS)

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 Untuk modulasi BPSK, building block dari sistem

DSSS sebagai berikut:

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Input: Binary data dt dengan symbol rate Rs = 1/Ts (= bitrate Rb untuk BPSK) Pseudo-noise code pnt dengan chip rate Rc = 1/Tc (sebuah integer dari Rs) Spreading: Pada transmitter, binary data dt (untuk BPSK, I dan Q untuk QPSK) adalah secara langsung dikalikan dengan PN sequence pnt yang terpisah dari baseband yang binary data, untuk memproduksi sinyal baseband yang ditransmisikan txb. txb=dt . Pnr Efek dari perkalian dt dengan PN sequence 19 adalah untuk menyebarkan baseband bandwith

 Despreading: Sinyal Spread Spectrum tidak bisa dideteksi dengan

penerima narrowband konvensional. Pada receiver, sinyal baseband rxb yang diterima dikalikan dengan PN sequence pnt. Jika pnr = pnt dan disinkronisasi ke PN sequence pada data yang diterima, kemudian binary data yang dipulihkan diproduksi pada dr. akibat perkalian dari sinyal spread spectrum rxb dengan PN sequence pnt digunakan pada transmitter adalah untuk despread bandwith rxb ke Rs. Jika pnr pnt, kemudian tidak terjadi despread. Sinyal dr memiliki spread spectrum. Penerima tidak 20 mengetahui PN sequence dari transmitter sehingga

Contoh : pada sebuah sift register seperti gambar dibawah mendapat masukan kode awal 1000, tentukan : a. PN sequence yang terbentuk b. Sinyal yang ditransmisikan (spreading) jika jika sinyal informasi (asli) 1 0 c. Tentukan kembali sinyal hasil despreading

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Solusi
Jika kode awal yang dimasukan adalah 1000, maka untuk setiap langkah pergeseran: 1. 0100 isi register 3 dan 4 di XOR( 0 XOR 0 = 0) hasilnya mengisi

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X1 2. 0010, 1 XOR 0 = 1, hasilya mengisi X1 3. 1001 Untuk memperoleh kode PN4. 1100 Sequence yang 5. 0110 6. 1011 digunakan, maka diambil dari isi dari 7. 0101 shift register 4 untuk setiap 8. 1010 langkahnya, 9. 1101 maka akan diperoleh : 10.1110 000100110101111 11.1111 12.0111 13.0011 14.0001 15.1000

 Pada transmitter

Untuk menspread dan menyembunyikan sinyal informasi yang

akan dikirimkan, maka setiap bit dari sinyal informasi di-XOR dengan kode PN-Sequence. Misal sinyal informasi bitnya 10:
Sinyal asli : 1 0 Kode PN : 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 Sinyal transmisi: 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1

111
Pada receiver sinyal yang diterima akan di-XOR lagi dengan kode

PNSequence sehingga diperoleh sinyal aslinya:

Sinyal diterima : 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1

11 Kode PN : 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 23 XOR : 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Kenapa spektrum bisa menjadi tersebar..??? Untuk kasus FHSS

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 Pada pengoperasian FHSS, frekuensi berubah scr periodic sehingga

frekuensi pembawa hanya sesaat saja mempunyai satu nilai tertentu Contoh: Bandwitdh total = 100 MHz Bandwitdh ini akan dipartisi sehingga frekuensi pembawa terpisah sejauh 25 KHz. Maka akan terdapat 100 MHz : 25 KHz = 4000 frekuensi pembawa dimana sebuah sinyal dapat melompat atau hoping utk berganti-ganti pada nilai-nilai yg berbeda.

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Spread Spectrum for Multiple Access (CDMA = SSMA)

The spreading sequence (code) is used at both the transmitter and

receiver.
The code must have good correlation property (low crosscorrelation,

orthogonal, regenerative, easy to synchronize).

There are many types of code (Gold, m-sequence, Walsh-Hadamard,

etc)

users spreading sequence

User 1

users spreading sequence

User 1

1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 1
channel

1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1

-1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 1
User 2

transmitted symbol
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recovered symbol

User lain (bukan CDMA)

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Spread Soectrum for Multiple Access (CDMA = SSMA)

The desired user despread the received signal Spread and despread with the matched code results in

detectionr Spread and despread with the wrong code results in interference Despread only at the receiver results in supressed interference
spreading
User 1 User 1 Communica tion Channel

despreading

transm itted sym bol

Spread symbol

User 2

recovered sym bol

User lain (bukan CDMA)

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Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

All users operate at the same frequency. b. All users occupy the entire bandwidth of the allocated frequency. c. All users may transmitt simultaneously.
a. Characteristics of DS-CDMA

Spreading sequence (Code) is generated to distinguish between different users. Spreading sequence is used to spread (at the transmitter) and to despread (at the receiver) the users data symbol. Depending on the spreading code used, and the channel conditions (multipath) multiple access interference (MAI) is the limiting factor that determine the capacity
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The user can be detected when ratio of signal-to-interference (SIR) is sufficient.

Output SINR of the model

SINRk (n) MP (n) k 2 Pj (n) n

j k

Here

M = processing gain

2n = AWGN variance
Pk = received signal power of the kth user K = number of user

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Number of active users with EQUAL powers

Eb P/R 2 I 0 [ n ( K 1) P ] / W
The number of users for this case is -

W 1 1 K 1 [ ] R ( Eb / I 0 ) SNR
If K = 1 (Eb/I0) = SNR = [
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2n/P]-1

Example 2
1.

Let the information bit rate is R = 8.2 kbps and the spread bandwidth is W = 1.25 MHz. If the receiver contribute thermal noise so that the output SNR = 10 dB and the demodulator requires Eb/I0 = 7 dB to achieve a bit error rate BER = 10-3. How many user can be served by this system. Bit rate informasi adalah R = 8.2 kbps dan lebar pita tersebar adalah W = 1.25 MHz. Jika penerima menimbulkan derau thermal sehingga SNR = 10 dB dan demodulator membutuhkan Eb/I0 = 7 dB untuk mencapai BER = 10-3. Berapa jumlah user yang dapat dilayani oleh sistem ini.

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Answer
W 1 1 K 1 [ { }] R ( Eb / I 0 ) SNR
1.25 x10 6 1 1 K 1 [ { }] 16 .2 3 8.2 x10 (5) 10
Number of user is K = 16

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Example 1
1.

Spread spectrum is used to transmit a single channel military data at a bit rate of R = 64 kbps. If a wide band spreading sequence is used in which the number of chips per data symbol is 3.6864 Mcps and the BPSK receiver operates at Eb/I0 = 7 dB to achieve the minimum required bit error rate of 10-3 . Receiver thermal noise contributes to the SNR after despreading of 10 dB. Calculate the anti jamming margin of this system.

Spektral tersebar dipergunakan untuk transmisi satu kanal data militer pada bit rate 64 kbps. Jika menggunakan deretan kode dengan jumlah chips per symbol data 3,6864 Mcps dan penerima BPSK bekerja pada Eb/I0 = 7 dB untuk mencapai keperluan BER minimum 10-3. Penerima berkontribusi derau thermal stelah proses despreading sehingga SNR = 10 dB. Hitung margin untuk anti jamming.

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Solution for example 1

1.

Eb P/R 2 I 0 [ n ( K 1) P ] / W

Only one user plus one jamming user with Pj

P 1 (57.6) Pj 1 n Pj P SNR Pj Eb 17.6 [ dB] 10. log{ 0.1 } [ dB] P I0
2

Eb P/ R W 2 I0 [ n Pj ] / W R

10. log{ 10. log{

Pj P

0.1 17.6[ dB] }

Eb [ dB] 11.6[ dB] I0

Pj 0.1 11.5[ dB] } P

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Pj 0.1 101.15 14.1254 P Pj 14.0254 11.4691 dB] [ P

11.7 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)

WDM refers to the application of FDM to optical fiber some sources use the term Dense WDM (DWDM) to emphasize that

many wavelengths of light can be employed The inputs and outputs of such multiplexing are wavelengths of light denoted by the Greek letter , and informally called colors When white light passes through a prism colors of the spectrum are spread out If a set of colored light beams are each directed into a prism at the correct angle the prism will combine the beams to form a single beam of white light

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11.7 Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Prisms form the basis of optical multiplexing and

demultiplexing
a multiplexor accepts beams of light of various

wavelengths and uses a prism to combine them into a single beam a demultiplexor uses a prism to separate the wavelengths.

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WDM be used as a channel Each color can

Today's DWDM systems use 50 GHz or even 25 GHz channel spacing for up to 160 channel operation.

Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)

Dense wavelength division multiplexing is often called just wavelength division multiplexing Dense wavelength division multiplexing multiplexes multiple data streams onto a single fiber optic line. Different wavelength lasers (called lambdas) transmit the multiple signals. Each signal carried on the fiber can be transmitted at a different rate from the other signals. Dense wavelength division multiplexing combines many (30, 40, 50, 60, more?) onto one fiber.

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Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 5

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Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 5

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