Charts & Graphs

Ungrouped Versus Grouped Data

Ungrouped data
have not been summarized in any way are also called raw data

Grouped data
have been organized into a frequency distribution

Example of Ungrouped Data

42 30 53 26 58 40 32 37 30 34 50 47 57 30 49

50
52 30 55

40
28 36 30

32
23 32 58

31
35 26 64

40
25 50 52

Ages of a Sample of Managers from Urban Child Care Centers in the United States

49
61 74

33
31 37

43
30 29

46
40 43

32
60 54

Frequency Distribution of Child Care Managers Ages

Class Interval 20-under 30 30-under 40 40-under 50 50-under 60 60-under 70 70-under 80 Frequency 6 18 11 11 3 1

Data Range
42 30 53 50 52 30 55 49 61 74 26 58 40 40 28 36 30 33 31 37 32 37 30 32 23 32 58 43 30 29 34 50 47 31 35 26 64 46 40 43 57 30 49 40 25 50 52 32 60 54

Range = Largest - Smallest = 74 - 23 = 51

Smallest

Largest

Number of Classes and Class Width

The number of classes should be between 5 and 15.
Fewer than 5 classes cause excessive summarization. More than 15 classes leave too much detail.

Class Width
Divide the range by the number of classes for an approximate class width Round up to a convenient number

51 Approximate Class Width = = 8.5 6 Class Width = 10

Class Midpoint

beginning class endpoint + ending class endpoint Class Midpoint = 2 30 + 40 = 2 = 35

1 Class Midpoint = class beginning point + class width 2 1 = 30 + 10 2 = 35

Relative Frequency
Class Interval 20-under 30 30-under 40 40-under 50 50-under 60 60-under 70 70-under 80 Total Relative Frequency Frequency 6 .12 6 18 .36 50 11 .22 18 50 11 .22 3 .06 1 .02 50 1.00

Cumulative Frequency
Class Interval 20-under 30 30-under 40 40-under 50 50-under 60 60-under 70 70-under 80 Total Frequency 6 18 11 11 3 1 50 Cumulative Frequency 6 24 18 + 6 35 11 + 24 46 49 50

Class Midpoints, Relative Frequencies, and Cumulative Frequencies

Relative Cumulative Class Interval Frequency Midpoint Frequency Frequency 20-under 30 6 25 .12 6 30-under 40 18 35 .36 24 40-under 50 11 45 .22 35 50-under 60 11 55 .22 46 60-under 70 3 65 .06 49 70-under 80 1 75 .02 50 Total 50 1.00

Cumulative Relative Frequencies

Cumulative Relative Cumulative Relative Class Interval Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency 20-under 30 6 .12 6 .12 30-under 40 18 .36 24 .48 40-under 50 11 .22 35 .70 50-under 60 11 .22 46 .92 60-under 70 3 .06 49 .98 70-under 80 1 .02 50 1.00 Total 50 1.00

Common Statistical Graphs

Histogram -- vertical bar chart of frequencies Frequency Polygon -- line graph of frequencies Ogive -- line graph of cumulative frequencies Pie Chart -- proportional representation for categories of a whole Stem and Leaf Plot Pareto Chart Scatter Plot

Histogram
Class Interval Frequency 20-under 30 6 30-under 40 18 40-under 50 11 50-under 60 11 60-under 70 3 70-under 80 1

Frequency

10

20

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Years

Histogram Construction
Class Interval Frequency 20-under 30 6 30-under 40 18 40-under 50 11 50-under 60 11 60-under 70 3 70-under 80 1

Frequency

10

20

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Years

Frequency Polygon
Class Interval Frequency 20-under 30 6 30-under 40 18 40-under 50 11 50-under 60 11 60-under 70 3 70-under 80 1

Frequency

10

20

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Years

Ogive
Cumulative Frequency 6 24 35 46 49 50

Class Interval 20-under 30 30-under 40 40-under 50 50-under 60 60-under 70 70-under 80

Frequency

0
0

20

40

60

10

20

30

40 Years

50

60

70

80

Relative Frequency Ogive

Cumulative Relative Frequency .12 .48 .70 .92 .98 1.00
Cumulative Relative Frequency

Class Interval 20-under 30 30-under 40 40-under 50 50-under 60 60-under 70 70-under 80

1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 0 10 20 30 40 Years 50 60 70 80

Complaints by Amtrak Passengers

COMPLAINT Stations, etc. Train Performance Equipment Personnel Schedules, etc. Total NUMBER 28,000 14,700 10,500 9,800 7,000 PROPORTION .40 .21 .15 .14 .10 DEGREES 144.0 75.6 50.4 50.6 36.0

70,000

1.00

360.0

Complaints by Amtrak Passengers

Personnel 14% Equipment 15% Schedules, Etc. 10%

Train Performance 21%

Stations, Etc. 40%

Second Quarter Truck Production in the U.S. (Hypothetical values)

Company A B C

2d Quarter Truck Production 357,411 354,936 160,997

D
E Totals

34,099
12,747 920,190

Second Quarter U.S. Truck Production

17% 4% 1%

39% 39%

Pie Chart Calculations for Company A

2d Quarter Truck Production 357,411

Company A

Proportion .388

Degrees 140

B
C D E

357, 411 = 920,190

354,936
160,997 34,099 12,747 920,190

.386
.175

139
63 13 5 360

.388 360 = .037

.014 1.000

Totals

Safety Examination Scores for Plant Trainees

Raw Data
86 76 77 92 91 47 60 88 55 67

Stem 2 3 4 3 9 79

Leaf

23
77 81 79 68

59
68 75 83 49

72
82 74 70 56

75
97 39 78 94

83
89 67 91 81

5
6 7 8 9

569
07788 0245567789 11233689 11247

Construction of Stem and Leaf Plot

Raw Data
86 76 23 77 77 92 59 68 91 47 72 82 60 88 75 97 55

Stem

Leaf 3 9 79 569 07788

Stem
67 83

2 3 4 5

Leaf
67
91 81

89

81
79 68

75
83 49

74
70 56

39

Stem 78
94 Leaf

7
8 9

0245567789
11233689 11247

Pareto Chart
100 90 100% 90%

80
70

80%
70% 60%

Frequency

60

50
40 30 20 10 0 Poor Wiring Short in Coil Defective Plug Other

50%
40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

Scatter Plot

Registered Vehicles (1000's)

Gasoline Sales (1000's of Gallons)

Gasoline Sales

200

5 15 9 15

60 120 90 140

100

0 0 5 10 15 Registered Vehicles 20

60