The Network Layer in the Internet

2/8/2013

Internet Protocol [IP]

Is a host-to host network layer delivery protocol. It is unreliable & Connectionless Datagram Protocol. It is a best effort delivery service.

2/8/2013

IP HEADER
32 bits

2/8/2013

Type of Service

D- Delay T- Throughput R- Relay

2/8/2013

Control Flags

Bit 0:

reserved, must be zero

Bit 1:

(DF) 0 = May Fragment, 1 = Don't Fragment.

Bit 2:

(MF) 0 = Last Fragment, 1 = More Fragments.

2/8/2013

Protocol

Defines the higher level protocols that uses the services of IP layer.
Value Protocol
ICMP IGMP TCP UDP OSPF

Transport Layer ICMP IGMP

TCP

UDP

1 2

OSPF

6 17

Network Layer

Header

89

2/8/2013

Options
Option
Security Strict source routing Loose source routing Record route Timestamp

Description
Specifies how secret the datagram Gives the complete path to be followed Gives a list of routers not be missed. Makes each router append its IP address Makes each router append its IP address and Timestamp

2/8/2013

IP Address
Common Notation to show a n IP address 1. Binary Notation. [BN] 2. Dotted Decimal Notation. [DDN] Eg:
BN 10000000 00001011 00000011 00011111

DDN

128.11.3.31

2/8/2013

Classful Addressing

32 bits

Class
A B
0 10 Network Network Host Host 1.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255

C
D E

110

Network

Host

192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255
224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 240.0.0.0 to 247.255.255.255

1110

Multicast Address

11110

Reserved for future use

2/8/2013

Subnet & Subnet Mask

2/8/2013

10

Internet Control Protocols

ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol ARP -- Address Resolution Protocol RARP - Reverse Address Resolution Protocol BOOTP- BOOTstrap Protocol

2/8/2013

11

ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol

IP has two deficiencies 1. Lack of Error Control 2. Lack of Assistance Mechanisms To overcome these deficiencies ICMP was designed.

2/8/2013

12

ICMP Types of Messages

ICMP messages can be divided into two broad categories: 1. Error Reporting Messages 2. Query Messages

2/8/2013

13

Error Reporting Messages

Error Reporting

Destination Unreachable

Source Quench

Time Exceeded

Parameter Problems

Redirection

2/8/2013

14

Query Messages
Query

Echo request & reply

Time stamp request & reply

Address Mask request & reply

Router solicitation & advertisement

2/8/2013

15

The Address Resolution Protocol

Router has 2 IP addresses 192.31.60.4 192.31.65.1 F2 192.31.65.7 192.31.65.5
1 2

Router has 2 IP addresses To WAN 192.31.60.7 192.31.63.3 192.31.63.8

3 4

F1

F3

E1

E2

E3

Campus FDDI ring 192.31.60.0

E4

E5

E6

Ethernet Addresses

CS Ethernet
192.31.65.0 EE Ethernet 192.31.63.0
2/8/2013 16

Reverse Address resolution protocol

2/8/2013

17

BOOTP Protocol

2/8/2013

18

Self Study

The Interior Gateway Routing Protocol [OSPF] The Exterior Gateway Routing Protocol [BGP] Internet Multicasting Mobile IP Classless InterDomain Routing [ CDIR]

2/8/2013

19